Conflict in the Workplace - 675 Words

Conflict in the Workplace Introduction The business world is highly competitive from every perspective; competition for office space, virtual space, markets, customers, clients and with colleagues. It is the responsibility of people working together in their day to day business transactions to have finely tuned interpersonal skills, knowledge and experience to ensure that they achieve the best possible outcomes for themselves and their employers. In environments such as these, conflicts, arguments and disagreements occur as part of people’s working lives. Conflicts in the workplace may lead to unhappiness for those in the conflict and of course, this will impact on their own professional performance. These conflicts create so many other problems, not just for the people who are in conflict, but also for their colleagues. Effective conflict resolution and management are therefore paramount for people to be able to solve their workplace differences so that they may enjoy their work personally and professionally. Apar t from that, understanding and recognizing positive and negative disputes in the workplace is a significant part of being a well-organized manager. It also improves positive efficiency, receptiveness, and effectiveness in attaining goals. This essay will discuss the causes of conflict in the workplace, importance of resolving workplace conflict, how to deal with workplace conflict include poor communication and competition. It also argue interpersonal skillsShow MoreRelatedConflict in the Workplace1641 Words   |  7 Pagesget along on a daily basis. There’s going to be conflicts in every environment especially in the workplace. Conflict is a typical phenomenon of people’s relationship in workplace. Conflict is a fact of life. Conflict is hard to define because every situation is different in every different workplace. Conflict is a job not easily handled, and it can be really destructive if not properly taken care of. The Webster’s Dictionary (2001) defines c onflict as a battle; clash; or a disagreement of ideas,Read MoreConflict in the Workplace3573 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract Interpersonal conflicts in the workplace are very common because they inevitably arise when groups or teams perform. This essay critically discusses the view that these conflicts can in certain circumstances be a positive factor in improving the individual performance. The approach used to address this issue is a combination of literature review and interviews of employees working at the chosen business, which is the PTA GmbH. T he four levels of conflict in the workplace and the explanationRead MoreConflict in the Workplace2269 Words   |  10 PagesWorkplace conflict is a specific type conflict that occurs in the workplace. Conflict can arise anywhere, anytime, by any given person. Workplaces are already stressful enough before conflict contributes to its share of stress. Long hours, hierarchical structure of the organization and unrealistic expectations are just a few of a dozen of factors that help shape the conflict that arises in the workplace. There are many different types of conflict that occur in the workplace. The five most commonRead MoreConflicts Within The Workplace Conflict1405 Words   |  6 PagesWhile conflict is a part of social relationships, there are many conflicts that are escalated beyond the normal day-to-day interactive conflicts. Day-to-day interactive conflicts such as disagreeing about what to cook for dinner or when to mow the lawn are inevitable and for the most part, relatively easy to negotiate. However, more serious conflicts arise during the course of daily living as well: in which religion to raise children if parents come from differing ideological backgrounds or how muchRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Workplace1838 Words   |  8 PagesConflict and knowing how to resolve the conflict are necessary in today’s workforce. Multigenerational workforces may generate more conflict than most related to the differences in job performance. Moore (1986) states, â€Å"conflict is a struggle betwee n two or more people over values, competition for status, power and scarce resources.† (Moore, 1986, p. 64) Conflict can occur within one individual, between two or more individuals, within one group, or between two or more groups. (Sullivan, 2013) NursingRead MoreGenerational Conflict in the Workplace1526 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Abstract Conflict in the workplace is not a new problem. Having many generations working towards the same goal will almost always cause some friction. It becomes the responsibility of administrators/managers in the workplace to not only understand the source of this conflict, but also diffuse it before it becomes counterproductive. Conflict can be a very powerful tool in the workplace if not allowed to get out of hand. Each generation in the workplace has much to learn from the others. TheyRead MoreEssay on Workplace Conflict736 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace Conflicts between Team Members Conflict between team members will happen in the workplace because the fact that there will have an environment where decisions are made and personality clashes will occur. This doesn’t mean you have an unproductive workforce, it means you will have to be able to catch the problem early and know what to do with each individual case. People are going to disagree because they have different view points, different backgrounds and a different thought processRead MoreConflict Management in the Workplace1136 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Management Learning Team A: Dana Stinson, Timothy Bird, Sterling Richards, Diana Loutensock LDR/531 October 5, 2010 Richard Hartley, M.A. Conflict Management Training Program Our consulting firm, Conflict Professionals, specializes in training all levels of managers (executive, mid- and entry-level) in the art of managing conflict within their teams and organizations. What is conflict and how does it arise? Typically, it occurs when two or more people oppose one another becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Conflict On The Workplace887 Words   |  4 PagesConflict in the workplace is something that’s been going on for centuries. Although we think of conflict as negative, it can also have a positive impact. In this paper we will look at both the negative and positive impact of conflict in the workplace. Conflict is opposition or antagonism toward other individuals or things (Hegar, Human Relations at Work, pg 480). For example, if your co-worker was given an award for outstanding work performance but you feel that you were more deserving of the awardRead MoreConflict resolution in the workplace800 Words   |  4 PagesConflict resolution in the workplace Introduction Conflict is a fact in any relationship including the work area. Still, it is important to emphasize that some conflicts should not be seen as good or bad, they are just differences. Many times when there are disagreements between players these issues are left on the table without giving much emphasis. Unfortunately some of these conflicts have reached a level that ends in a physical altercation. When things get out of proportion, the sports psychologist

Technological Development Free Essays

The primary purpose off gas mask is to prevent deadly gases or poisonous material from accessing the lungs and attacking the person. It does not deliver its own oxygen supply, but cleans out the particles. They can also shield the face from any interaction poisons or gases. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Machine Guns: Until the machine gun was created, we only had rifles which was slow. You could only shoot one bullet at a time and then you had to load another bullet into the chamber using the bolt. When you used the bolt, it would refuse the consumed container shell and load the next one into the chamber. This had to be done for every shot fired, and was cumbersome and took time. The machine gun is designed to shoot continuously hundreds of ammunitions per minute. The outcome it had been was to execute a lot of soldiers and far more than ever could be killed by soldiers equipped with rifles. An additional thing that help making the machine gun so effective was with the way the soldiers were trained to bring attack on the target. All of them would run toward the waves. This was in effect means when the adversary was only armed with rifles where you had to aim to shoot the enemy. But, when an army of running men encountered machine guns they were trimmed down effortlessly. These particular firepower might even have even played a part of bringing the war to an end. Telephone: The aim of the harmonic telegraph is to perceptibly connect with people ho are without reach straightaway. Before the telephone, long distance messages were through telegraph machines that were less efficient and took longer to get messages across because only dots and dashes at the time could be communicated. Telephones are predominantly used for fast communication and crises. The vital thing to medical survival in many bad conditions is for the wounded person to get medical assistance quickly. Back then before when the telephone wasn’t invented, it was hard for people to get assistance quickly. Telephones allow for rapid immunization during normal catastrophes as well. That way it is likely for the government to give warning to people of imminent disaster before they come. The telephone also has the function of easy conversation in average day’s circumstances like calling to order items such as pies, cabs, pizza or flowers. People may talk in an ordinary way to discuss their lives Just as they would if they were at the same places. Radio: radio came out when televisions didn’t exist, but it was used in a similar function as we use a TV currently, like being attentive to comedy shows and music. When the TV was created, the radio lost its fame and popularity as a result of folks favored the TV more. However, radios were convenient that they became mainly used primarily for music shows and speaking. And, that their purpose nowadays. In today’s world radio is free and this is a good thing because we are usually paying for some sort of entertainment. Moreover, if you are driving you can turn on the radio and get updated news on traffic Jams or being on the lookout and music that you can enjoy while driving. How to cite Technological Development, Papers

Diversity Policy in a Work Place for Diversity- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDiversity Policy in a Work Place for Diversity. Answer: Advantages Diversity in an organization creates a diverse experience. Fellow employees with different cultural backgrounds come up with a new set of experiences to share with other members in their departments. Pooling the diverse knowledge and skills of culturally distinct workers together can benefit companies by strengthening teams' productivity and responsiveness to changing conditions which benefit the company (Hndlaechner 2008, p. 152). If these new ideas they bring up with them are used accordingly, it will have a positive impact on all employees within the organization and hence bringing the best out of them. Diversity in an organization promotes learning and growth. It will create an opportunity for employees' personal growth. Being involved with people who possess new ideas, cultures and perspectives can help individuals to reach out intellectually and gain a clearer view of their surroundings and their place in the world (Jager, B, and Cleland, A. 2016, 153). Spending time with culturally diverse co-workers also reduce ethnicity and make employees be well-rounded citizens in the society. Diversity also increases adaptability in an organization. To address problems of workplace diversity, an organization has to develop a variety of solutions, forcing them to adapt to a diverse workforce (Konrad 2006, p. 67). It might be a long and tire full process, but in the long run, you will realize that it is worth it. People from diverse backgrounds can provide ideas which help in dealing with the changing customer needs and fluctuating markets. It will increase the volume of sales as a result of wide customer rich. It also means that an organization has to develop a new process which brings together people with different ideas to work together as thiswill without a doubt create good interaction among employees which is very healthy for the organization (Karmann, Flatten, Brettel 2016, p. 223) One of the great advantages of diversity in a workplace is that it also increases productivity. Globalization and internalization are two of the gifts that workforce diversity brings to the table, this is why foreign executives are very successful in the corporate world in America, while citizens from Europe find their place in high-level jobs (Peters 2008, p. 22). When they combine their skills, experience believe and individual strength they can do wonders in the field of production. There is even that completion among employees that the other employees who are from another race or cultural background cannot defeat him or her in performing a particular task which in the long run leads to high level of production. As a result of high level of production the company makes big profits and return on investment. Diversity also increases the range of services. A diverse collection of people with different experiences, skills, cultural understanding, languages and other differences enables a company to provide customers services on a global basis (BendlHenttonen 2015, p. 71). It is because language barrier and cultural differences are avoided. These employees from the same race with clients will interact freely with them as they understand them much better. The customers will also be impressed finding out that the organization is not specific to the kind of people they employ hence making them like the place more. Once the management has an in-depth knowledge about a particular race, they will be in a good position of providing services that specifically suits them. A systematic study has shown that that diversity policy in a workplace is a source of organizations ideas (Karmann, Flatten, Brettel 2016, p. 234). No two people will ever think alike in everything. A company that knows how to exploit different technicalities from employees can create a large pool of ideas and experiences from them. From these ideas, the company can then come up with strategies which deal with business concerns and customer needs (Hendrix Jackson 2016, p. 246). With these advantages of diversity in an organization, it can be concluded that it is a good policy which an organization should practice, it is a pool of ideas, it increases productivity, it makes the employees grow individually, it increases a range of services and more so creates adaptability. This is something which all companies yarn for, and if they can be achieved through diversity, then it is something worth practicing. Disadvantages Even though diversity has many positive effects on an organization, it will not be right to omit its demerits as they will also help an organization to decide whether to practice it or not. It will make those organization practicing it also to be on the alert about the challenges it might also bring abroad with it. One of the challenges of diversity in a workplace is the language barrier. Effective communication is a factor for success. Unfortunately, diversity can be in the way, and can directly reduce productivity due to lack of cohesiveness (Peters 2008, p. 55). It explains why some companies catering to international customers hire multilingual or bilingual customer service representatives. Unless effective communication is achieved, workplace diversity can be a problem. Diversity also minimizes freedom of speech. In a diverse workplace, an employee must be sensitive to race, cultural background, beliefs, and other issues (Danowitz, Hanappi, Mensi-Klarbach 2012, p. 102). So you do not just crack jokes about others who are not from your race because it may not be as acceptable. People cannot freely state their opinions or tell stories whenever they want for fear of being judged as discriminating. It is not only effective communication that is a disadvantage in a diverse workplace, but also freedom of speech. Imagine working in an environment where you need to always tread carefully (Golembiewski, 2003, p. 188). It will not be a workplace which many people would like to be associated with. Another disadvantage of diversity policy in a workplace is that it leads to high cost of training. Instead of the normal training, every organization needs to invest in seminars, programs, and lectures meant to promote diversity in the workplace (Bendl, R. and Henttonen, E. 2015, 132). Such training is essential as they will teach employees how to accept thoughts, ideas, and personalities of others in the workplace. It also provides information on how to deal with prejudice and conflict in a civilized and professional manner (Bell 2012, p. 192). Since companies will always hire, it means it will continue to spend on training. Last but not least, diversity will lead to integration. Even in an environment where diversity policy is not practiced, exclusive social groups always come up but it is common in a diverse workforce. When such groups form, informal divisions can occur, which will promote social integration (Hndlaechner 2008, p. 164). It will also lead to a working environment characterized by culturally different employees who avoid each other. It hinders the effective sharing of knowledge, skills, and experience thereby resulting in low productivity and lack of business growth. Recommendations and Conclusion By looking at both disadvantages and advantages of diversity in a workplace, It is highly recommended that organizations should practice it as it will lead to high profits and return on investment. The disadvantages can be worked on by training employees on how to relate to each other and avoid unnecessary competition which may lead to low quality and reduction in productivity. Training might be expensive, but it will be a long-term benefit to the company. Diversity in the workforce is growing in all countries around the world. When an organization adopts diversity policy it can perform better. It is important for the companies to have knowledge about diversity and how to handle the negative issues relating to it. Also, the need for the diverse workforce is getting more not only because there are different people but also because they can produce better results with having different types of people working together (Jager, B, and Cleland, A. 2016, 153). It is therefore recommended th at diversity policy is one of the best a company should adopt in order to achieve its objectives. List of References Bendl, R., Bleijenbergh, I., Henttonen, E. 2015. The Oxford handbook of diversity in organizations. Oxford, Oxford Brookes University. BELL, M. P. 2012. Diversity in organizations. Mason, Ohio, South-Western College. Danowitz, M. A., Hanappi-Egger, E., Mensi-Klarbach, H. 2012. Diversity in organizations: concepts and practices. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. Golembiewski, R. T. 2003. Managing diversity in organizations. Tuscaloosa, Al, University of Alabama Press. Hendrix, K, Jackson, R 2016, 'The Contours of Progress: Parsing Diversity and Difference Studies', Communication Education, 65, 2, pp. 245-249 Hndlaechner, M. (2008). Managing cultural diversity and how to manage it within an organisation. Munich, GRIN Verlag GmbH. Jager, B, Cleland, A 2016, 'Polysemy Advantage with Abstract But Not Concrete Words', Journal Of Psycholinguistic Research, 45, 1, pp. 143-156, Communication Mass Media Complete. KONRAD, A. M. (2006). Cases in gender and diversity in organizations. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage. Karmann, T, Mauer, R, Flatten, T, Brettel, M 2016, 'Entrepreneurial Orientation and Corruption', Journal Of Business Ethics, 133, 2, pp. 223-234 Peters, B. A. (2008). Managing diversity in intergovernmental organisations. Wiesbaden, VS, Verlagfu?rSozialwissenschaften.

Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 Essay Example

Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 Essay Case: UnME Jeans: Branding Web 2. 0 Solution #1 I think Margaret Foley is not spending enough on internet marketing as per her current media plan. According to Exhibit 1, UnME has projected the highest media budget is slotted for Television and the lowest for online banner and search marketing. I think that UnME should increase their expenditure for Online marketing due the emergence of Web 2. 0 that has attracted a lot curiosity among marketers and the users. I suggest that Ms. Foley reduce her advertising budget for newspaper by at least 10% and reduce budget allocated to television and radio by a small margin. The target market for UnME is teenage girls who are social, taste leaders in their communities and valued brand for their unique features. This audience was showing a clear shift from traditional media channels to Web 2. 0. The reasons being: Lack of control over the information they acquire on television, newspapers and radio. Overwhelmed by advertisers and cluttering of ads on the mediums. Emergence of new technology in hardware and software gave consumers more control over the type of ads they want to see and the content they wish to engage in. For UnME, the advantages of allocating a higher percentage of the budget on online marketing are: Appropriate audiences for the company can now be targeted with more accuracy and with increased efficiency. Since teenage girls would be part of social media communities and use the internet to obtain their choice of information, advertisers would easily locate them and display their ads on such virtual places. We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Inside Scoop on the Watergate Scandal

The Inside Scoop on the Watergate Scandal The Watergate scandal was a defining moment in American politics and led the resignation of President Richard Nixon and the indictments of several of his advisers. The Watergate scandal was also a watershed moment for how journalism was practiced in the United States. The scandal takes its name from the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. The Watergate hotel was the site of a June 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. Five men were arrested and indicted for breaking and entering: Virgilio Gonzlez, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr., Eugenio Martà ­nez and Frank Sturgis. Two other men tied to Nixon, E. Howard Hunt, Jr. and G. Gordon Liddy, were hit with conspiracy, burglary, and violation of federal wiretapping laws. All seven men were either directly or indirectly employed by Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP, sometimes referred to as CREEP). The five were tried and convicted in January 1973.The indictments occurred as Nixon was running for re-election in 1972. He defeated Democratic opponent George McGovern. Nixon was certain to be impeached and convicted in 1974, but the 37th president of the United States resigned before he was to face prosecution. Details of the Watergate Scandal Investigations by the FBI, the Senate Watergate Committee, the House Judiciary Committee and the press (specifically Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post) revealed the break-in was one of several illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixons staff. These illegal activities included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping, and a laundered slush fund used to pay those who conducted these operations.Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstein relied on anonymous sources as their investigation revealed that knowledge of the break-in and its to cover-up reached into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and the White House. The primary anonymous source was an individual they nicknamed Deep Throat; in 2005, former Deputy Director of the FBI William Mark Felt, Sr., admitted to being Deep Throat. Watergate Scandal Timeline In February 1973, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved a resolution that impaneled the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities to investigate the Watergate burglary. Chaired by Democratic U.S. Sen. Sam Ervin, the committee held public hearings that became known as the Watergate Hearings.In April 1973, Nixon asked for the resignation of two of his most influential aides, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman; both were indicted and went to prison. Nixon also fired White House Counsel John Dean. In May, Attorney General Elliot Richardson appointed a special prosecutor, Archibald Cox.The Senate Watergate hearings were broadcast from May to August 1973. After the first week of the hearings, the three networks rotated daily coverage; the networks broadcast 319 hours of television, a record for a single event. However, all three networks carried the nearly 30 hours of testimony by former White House counsel John Dean.After two years of investigations, evidence implicating Nixon and his staff grew, including the existence of a tape recording system in Nixons office. In October 1973, Nixon fired special prosecutor Cox after he subpoenaed the tapes. This act prompted the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. The press labeled this the Saturday Night Massacre.In February 1974, the U.S. House of Representatives authorized the House Judiciary Committee to investigate whether sufficient grounds existed to impeach Nixon. Three articles of impeachment were approved by the Committee, recommending that the House begin formal impeachment proceedings against President Richard M. Nixon. Court Rules Against Nixon In July 1974, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Nixon had to hand over the tapes to investigators. These recordings further implicated Nixon and his aides. On   July 30,  1974, he complied. Ten days after handing over the tapes, Nixon quit, becoming the only U.S. President to have resigned from office. The additional pressure: impeachment proceedings in the House of Representatives and certainty of a conviction in the Senate. The Pardon On   September 8, 1974, President Gerald Ford granted Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President. Memorable Lines Republican U.S. Sen. Howard Baker asked, What did the President know, and when did he know it? It was the first question that focused on Nixons role in the scandal. Sources Watergate - Museum.tvNixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit - Washington Post

Catch Me If You Can

Focus: To emphasize the use of making inferences using all aspects of a book as a means of thinking about and comprehending texts. Introduction/Connection: To begin the lesson the teacher will begin with a discussion on review reading strategies the children already know and discuss how these strategies can help them as readers. Then the teacher will explain to students that when reading we have learned to infer what a character might be feeling based on the illustrations in the text. She will ask the children what they think the word infer means. After a few student responses she will explain that infer means to understand what is happening in the text without the author actually telling us. She will explain that inferring is about reading faces, reading body language, reading expressions, and reading tone as well as text. She will ask the children if they can think about the word inference, what it means, and any examples of inferring that they may know. After a few student responses she will explain that Inferring is a reading strategy to be used as a means of ensuring that we understand stories we read. We will then discuss inferring in our everyday lives (the weather, how our mom or teachers might be feeling). It will be emphasized that when we make infer we use our brain to really think about what we already know; in books when we infer using the pictures and text we can get a better understanding of what is happening in the story. Key Questions: * What are reading strategies? * Why do we have reading strategies? * Where can you find the reading strategies if you get stuck? * What reading strategies do you know and use already? * Why do you use them? What do you think the word infer means? * Can you think of examples of when you have made an inference? * Why might good readers make an inference? Whole Group Teaching/Active Engagement: The teacher will focus the children’s attention on the selected book, Bully. She will ask the children to look at the book and think about what they see depicted on the cover. She will t them what they can infer just by looking at the cover an d reading the title. Then ask the children to listen carefully as she reads the first two pages of the book. Once completed the teacher will ask the children to close their eyes and think about what they just heard in the first two pages of the text. After a few moments she will ask them to make an inference about what they think is happening in the story. She will ask the children to â€Å"turn and talk† to share their inference with their shoulder partner on the carpet. The teacher will listen to the partnerships and their responses and get a quick assessment of what the students’ inferences sound like (whether they are on target, missing key information, etc). After the share time, she will call upon several students to share their answers with the class. The teacher will then comment on the children’s abilities to infer the story parts based on their observations of the cover and listening to a few pages. She will then read a few pages of the story to give the children an idea of whether their inferences were on target or not and allow them to give â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† signals to indicate if they were correct or not. Key Questions: * What do you see on the cover? * What can you infer from listening to the first few pages in the book? From what you saw on the cover and the pages, what can you infer will happen in this book? * Why did you make that inference? * What in the book made you think of that? * Were you correct? How do you know? Differentiation: * Depending on the student who is called on to respond during the whole class instruction, questioning will be scaffold in order to meet the child’s specific learning needs (IEP, ELL support). Children will also have been paired in reading partnerships based on current reading levels. There will be a variety of books available for the different reading levels * Students will be allowed to use pictures or words (preferably both) to show that they understand inference. * Students will be given the opportunity to â€Å"act out† their inferences/predictions. * Students will be given the option to work independently or in pairs during one of the assignments. Small Group Active Engagement/Link: To link the mini lesson to independent, and partner reading, and guided reading time, the teacher will remind tudents to make inferences as they read their books independently. She will ask the children to re-state what their focus is to ensure understanding and clarify any misconceptions. The children will return to their tables and groups to participate in independent, partner, or guided reading time. The teacher will meet with the group select ed for that day and continue to work on the use of inferencing to enhance comprehension of stories. Independent Reading Time: 10 minutes Partner Reading Time: 10 minutes Share: After independent and partner reading, a reading partnership that was observed using the inference strategy will be asked to come up at the end of the reading workshop time to share with the class what inferences they made while reading their book and explain how this helped them to better comprehend or understand the story. They will also be asked what they feel they can improve upon for share time the next day. Key Questions: * Did you make any inferences while you were reading? * How did you use this strategy? * Were your inferences correct? * How did you know? Closing: The teacher will commend the entire class on their reading stamina and employment of their first grade reading strategies! Everyone will give himself or herself a pat on the back! Resources: * Read Aloud – Bully, by Judith Caseley * Post-its * Leveled Books _____________________________________________________________ Observations / Comments: Next Teaching Points/Subsequent Lesson: * The subsequent strategy on the Reading Strategies – Comprehension: Retelling. Will be explored in the next day’s reading workshop lesson. Next Teaching Points Alterations (Based on Observations):

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries - Essay Example The question that rises over here is how important role does a language play in cross border businesses? To run your business successfully in another country it requires a proper understanding of the culture of that country. And to understand the culture of that country, it is required to know and learn the language of that country. Every culture has different parameters and guidelines of thought. And the best way to understand the thought behind these parameters and guidelines is the language (Malt et. al, 1999). Language not only provides knowledge about culture, it also provides knowledge about economic and political situations. Knowledge of other languages has become very essential because now million of people share their ideas, common interests and communicate with each other across the world through internet and going cross border for businesses and study. All these things are possible due to the technological advancements. Here we take the example of America; the trade is gro wing rapidly here. Some business people are learning Spanish and Portuguese for there businesses. And now adays people are getting knowledge of other languages for economic integrations. Many Canadians have ability to speak English and French. And they have adopted these languages for the improvement of their jobs and businesses. So the knowledge of other languages gives us a unique thought and this thought helps us to make concepts and decisions correctly. Social Etiquette: Etiquette is a code of behavior or social behavior within the society, social class or group. Rules of etiquette generally based on social interaction within the society. It may be reflection of ethical codes, fashion and status of society, group or class. When someone is interacting with large social group or variety of people which have same interest, so there are some general rules to interact with them and these rules are socially acceptable. Business etiquette is similar to the social etiquette, but they ar e particularly for coworker’s interaction and vary from business to business (Johnson, 1997). When a businessman expands his business in other countries, he has to understand the language, cultures, taboos and etiquettes because different nations have different cultures and etiquettes. For example, in China if a person takes food item from a common bowl or plate without asking others that mean you are insulting the host. On the other side in America a guest has to eat all food in his plate as a compliment to the quality of food. In Korea and Japan, it is an old tradition for host and guest to fill their alcohol cups and encourage each other to take it, but if anyone doesn’t want to take alcohol for any reason, then it can become difficult for him to escape from it. So for a prospective businessman it is very essential to understand the etiquettes of other country. Because etiquettes provide help to interact with society. Basically etiquettes depend upon the culture. It may vary from culture to culture. If business people have knowledge about other country’s culture, language and etiquettes then they can easily create a good impression. Cultural Values: Cultural values are the ethical or moral values; values that reflect someone’s sense of good and evil or right and wrong. Cultural values are the reflection of attitudes and behavior of society or group. Norms are the behavior of people in a specific situation, and values are the judgment of this situation as good and

The Advancement of Technologies in the Communication Field Essay

The Advancement of Technologies in the Communication Field - Essay Example A good case study to commence with will be our chemical process design group project. Through it, the description of what project management and planning is is revealed. Before the commencement of our project week, the inception of this project week was planned prior to our meetings which were organised with minutes and agendas being recorded concurrently. I was tasked with the role of being a chair of the design project since I was eloquent and fluent. With this, I was deemed to allow full participation and leadership in the project altogether. In order to meet project deadlines and also our groundwork, we used Gantt charts as well as some Microsoft programs. However, the major setback was the individual performances of project/group members in the assigned tasks. It was duly noted that the persona of each member played a critical role in project completion since some members were more involved than others. The result of this was a failure in the first part of the design project. Wi th this, I examined each member’s advantage and disadvantage, including myself, by requesting them to come up with a SWOT analysis of themselves. This assisted me to adopt dissimilar management as well as leadership techniques for individual members. As a result, the majority of inactive members became more involved with the second part of the design strategy, and we successively achieved a positive result. In order to solve and analyse a situation at hand, it is a necessity to embrace teamwork. This will ensure a more positive end result.

Regulatory requirements Essay Example for Free

Regulatory requirements Essay Explain how you identify the regulatory requirements, codes of practice and relevant guidance for managing concerns and complaints in own area of work The complaints policy for Enfield Connect Mental Health Floating Team One Support outlines the following aims: To resolve concerns / complaints as quickly and effectively as possible, through an informal response by a frontline member of staff. If this is not possible then through a more formal investigation and conciliation in an open and non-defensive way to ensure that all concerns / complaints are dealt with in accordance with these procedures. To ensure that staff, customers and relatives/carers are aware of the policy and procedure. To improve quality of service by identifying lessons learned from complaints locally and nationally and by implementing improvements in service using the lessons learnt. To uphold even-handedness for both staff and complainant alike. To help all health professionals to feel they can be open in their communications with patients whenever mistakes are made and to not be reluctant to apologise. As a member of the front line staff I make a point to highlight to the customers on ad mission the section of the ‘Customers Welcome Pack’ about expectations on how complaints will be dealt with. This reads as follows: ‘Please be assured that any complaint you make will be taken seriously and handled sensitively and efficiently. An initial acknowledgement will be received within 2 working days and a full written response, following a thorough investigation, will be sent within 20 working days. If for any reason this cannot be achieved then you will receive written communication informing you of this. In the first instance we would encourage you to speak to the Team Manager to hopefully resolve the matter quickly. If this is not appropriate for any reason then please contact the Senior Team manager. The name and contact details of the Team Manager and Senior Team Manager are available in the Customer Welcome pack’.

Todays Drug Laws Essay -- Papers Society Laws Drugs Narcotics Essays

Today's Drug Laws Today?s drug laws seem to do more harm than good. The so-called drug war hasn?t seemed to be as effective as it was intended to be. Its original intent lies in its name, to attack the drug problem in America. Nixon started the war on drugs in the late sixties to stop drug abuse at the source, the distributors. Another intention for the war on drugs was to show individuals taking part in this illegal activity that their participation would cause serious consequences. The government has taken drastic measures to keep drugs out of our nations streets, from attacking the frontline in The Columbian drug fields, to making numerous drug busts in urban cities across the United States. However, these harsh but well- intentioned laws have been accused of infringing on America?s freedom. Some believe the people have a natural right to use drugs if they perfectly well chose to do so. Although the war on drugs has been going on for many years, drugs still remain a big problem in the lives of many Americans. Drug offenders as well as abusers are being punished with extreme penalties. Innocent people are suffering because of this. And finally, all the tax dollars going into this war seems to be in vain because its not progressing like it should. The American Government saw that drugs were repressing its citizens, which made them spring into action. The Government wanted to do whatever it took to rid its streets from drugs and crime, which in time the War on Drugs was created. Nixon launched programs with efforts to crackdown on illegal drug use. He created the Office of Drug Abuse and Law Enforcement (ODALE) and the Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI). In 1973, he also initiated Reorganization... ...tes these laws. Whether or not they are on the right track in solving the problem makes their intentions invalid. Harsh laws and the treat of jail will not stop drug abuse. We learned this from History. When the Prohibition law was passed in 1920, innocent people suffered, organized crime grew, government officials (police, court, politicians, ect.) became corrupt, disrespect for the law grew, and the consumption of prohibited substance increased. If America has learned anything from it?s past, prohibiting people in a democratic society causes more and more problems. Legalization also brings on a bunch of other problems, which makes this issue more complicated. The answers aren?t going to fall into place. It is going to take arguments from both sides to come to an agreeable decision, and then and only then is this war on drugs will come to an inevitable end.

Assembly Language

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE An assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, microcontroller, or other programmable device, in which each statement corresponds to a single machine code instruction. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine operation or opcode. Some opcodes require one or more operands as part of the instruction, and most assemblers can take labels and symbols as operands to represent addresses and constants, instead of hard coding them into the program. Macro assemblers include a macroinstruction facility so that assembly language text can be pre-assigned to a name, and that name can be used to insert the text into other code. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.HISTORY OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Assembly languages date to the introduction of the stored-program computer. The EDSAC computer (1949) had an assembler called initial orders featuring one-letter mnemonics. Nathaniel Rochester wrote an assembler for an IBM 701 (1954). SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) (1955) was an assembly language for the IBM 650 computer written by Stan Poley. Assembly languages eliminated much of the error-prone and time-consuming first-generation programming needed with the earliest computers, freeing programmers from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculating addresses.They were once widely used for all sorts of programming. However, by the 1980s (1990s on microcomputers), their use had largely been supplanted by high-level languages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today assembly language is still used for direct hardware manipulation, access to specialized processor instructions, or to address critical performance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems. Historically, a large number of programs have been written entirely in assembly language. Operating systems were ntirely written in assembly language until the introduction of the Burroughs MCP (1961), which was written in ESPOL, an Algol dialect. Many commercial applications were written in assembly language as well, including a large amount of the IBM mainframe software written by large corporations. COBOL, FORTRAN and some PL/I eventually displaced much of this work, although a number of large organizations retained assembly-language application infrastructures well into the '90s. Most early microcomputers relied on hand-coded assembly language, including most operating systems and large applications.This was because these systems had severe resource constraints, imposed idiosyncratic memory and display architectures, and provided limited, buggy system services. Perhaps more important was the lack of first-class high-level language compilers suitable for microcomputer use. A psychological factor may have also played a role: the first generation of microcomputer programmers retained a hobbyist, â€Å"wires and pliers† attitude. In a more commercial context, the biggest reasons for using assembly language were minimal bloat (size), minimal overhead, greater speed, and reliability.Typical examples of large assembly language programs from this time are IBM PC DOS operating systems and early applications such as the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3. Even into the 1990s, most console video games were written in assembly, including most games for the Mega Drive/Genesis and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. According to some industry insiders, the assembly language was the best computer language to use to get the best performance out of the Sega Saturn, a console that was notoriously challenging to develop and program games for.The popular arcade game NBA Jam (1993) is another example. Assembly language has long been the primary development language for many popular home computers of the 1980s and 1990s (such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST). This was in large part because BASIC dialects on these systems offered insufficient execution speed, as well as insufficient facilities to take full advantage of the available hardware on these systems.Some systems, most notably the Amiga, even have IDEs with highly advanced debugging and macro facilities, such as the freeware ASM-One assembler, comparable to that of Microsoft Visual Studio facilities (ASM-One predates Microsoft Visual Studio). The Assembler for the VIC-20 was written by Don French and published by French Silk. At 1,639 bytes in length, its author believes it is the smallest symbolic assembler ever written. The assembler supported the usual symbolic addressing and the definition of character strings or hex strings.It also allowed address expressions which could be combined with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical AND, logical OR, and exponentiation operators. COMPILER A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.The name â€Å"compiler† is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e. g. , assembly language or machine code). If the compiled program can run on a computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler r uns, the compiler is known as a cross-compiler. A program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler. A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter.A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: lexical analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis (Syntax-directed translation), code generation, and code optimization. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler implementors invest significant effort to ensure the correctness of their software.The term compiler-compiler is sometimes used to refer to a parser generator, a tool often used to help create the lexer and parser. INTERPRETER In computer science, an interpreter normall y means a computer program that executes, i. e. performs, instructions written in a programming language. An interpreter may be a program that either 1. executes the source code directly 2. translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and immediately executes this 3. xplicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system While interpreting and compiling are the two main means by which programming languages are implemented, these are not fully mutually exclusive categories, one of the reasons being that most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like compilers. The terms â€Å"interpreted language† or â€Å"compiled language† merely mean that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpreter or a compiler; a high level language is basically an abstraction which is (ideally) independent of particular implementations.ASSEMBLER Assembler (meaning one that a ssembles) may refer to: It is a computer program that translate between lower-level representations of computer programs; it converts basic computer instructions into a pattern of bits which can be easily understood by a computer and the processor can use it to perform its basic operations Assembly Language Syntax Programs written in assembly language consist of a sequence of source statements. Each source statement consists of a sequence of ASCII characters ending with a carriage return.Each source statement may include up to four fields: a label, an operation (instruction mnemonic or assembler directive), an operand, and a comment. The following are examples of an assembly directive and a regular machine instruction. PORTA equ $0000; Assembly time constant INP ldaa PORTA; Read data from fixed address I/O data port An assembly language statement contains the following fields. Label Field can be used to define a symbol Operation Field defines the operation code or pseudo-op Operand Field specifies either the address or the data.Comment Field allows the programmer to document the software. Sometimes not all four fields are present in an assembly language statement. A line may contain just a comment. The first token in these lines must begin with a star (*) or a semicolon (;). For example, ; This line is a comment * this is a comment too * This line is a comment Instructions with inherent mode addressing do not have an operand field. For example, label clra comment deca comment cli comment inca comment DATA TYPES IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEThere is a large degree of diversity in the way the authors of assemblers categorize statements and in the nomenclature that they use. In particular, some describe anything other than a machine mnemonic or extended mnemonic as a pseudo-operation (pseudo-op). A typical assembly language consists of 3 types of instruction statements that are used to define program operations: †¢Opcode mnemonics †¢Data sections †¢Assembly directives Opcode mnemonics and extended mnemonics Instructions (statements) in assembly language are generally very simple, unlike those in high-level language.Generally, a mnemonic is a symbolic name for a single executable machine language instruction (an opcode), and there is at least one opcode mnemonic defined for each machine language instruction. Each instruction typically consists of an operation or opcode plus zero or more operands. Most instructions refer to a single value, or a pair of values. Operands can be immediate (value coded in the instruction itself), registers specified in the instruction or implied, or the addresses of data located elsewhere in storage.This is determined by the underlying processor architecture: the assembler merely reflects how this architecture works. Extended mnemonics are often used to specify a combination of an opcode with a specific operand, e. g. , the System/360 assemblers use B as an extended mnemonic for BC with a mask of 15 and NOP for BC with a mask of 0. Extended mnemonics are often used to support specialized uses of instructions, often for purposes not obvious from the instruction name. For example, many CPU's do not have an explicit NOP instruction, but do have instructions that can be used for the purpose.In 8086 CPUs the instruction xchg ax, ax is used for nop, with nop being a pseudo-opcode to encode the instruction xchg ax, ax. Some disassemblers recognize this and will decode the xchg ax, ax instruction as nop. Similarly, IBM assemblers for System/360 and System/370 use the extended mnemonics NOP and NOPR for BC and BCR with zero masks. For the SPARC architecture, these are known as synthetic instructions Some assemblers also support simple built-in macro-instructions that generate two or more machine instructions.For instance, with some Z80 assemblers the instruction ld hl, bc is recognized to generate ld l, c followed by ld h, b. These are sometimes known as pseudo-opcodes. Data sections There are instructions used to define data elements to hold data and variables. They define the type of data, the length and the alignment of data. These instructions can also define whether the data is available to outside programs (programs assembled separately) or only to the program in which the data section is defined. Some assemblers classify these as pseudo-ops. Assembly directivesAssembly directives, also called pseudo opcodes, pseudo-operations or pseudo-ops, are instructions that are executed by an assembler at assembly time, not by a CPU at run time. They can make the assembly of the program dependent on parameters input by a programmer, so that one program can be assembled different ways, perhaps for different applications. They also can be used to manipulate presentation of a program to make it easier to read and maintain. (For example, directives would be used to reserve storage areas and optionally their initial contents. The names of directives often start with a dot to disti nguish them from machine instructions. Symbolic assemblers let programmers associate arbitrary names (labels or symbols) with memory locations. Usually, every constant and variable is given a name so instructions can reference those locations by name, thus promoting self-documenting code. In executable code, the name of each subroutine is associated with its entry point, so any calls to a subroutine can use its name. Inside subroutines, GOTO destinations are given labels. Some assemblers support local symbols which are lexically distinct from normal symbols (e. . , the use of â€Å"10$† as a GOTO destination). Some assemblers provide flexible symbol management, letting programmers manage different namespaces, automatically calculate offsets within data structures, and assign labels that refer to literal values or the result of simple computations performed by the assembler. Labels can also be used to initialize constants and variables with relocatable addresses. Assembly lang uages, like most other computer languages, allow comments to be added to assembly source code that are ignored by the assembler.Good use of comments is even more important with assembly code than with higher-level languages, as the meaning and purpose of a sequence of instructions is harder to decipher from the code itself. Wise use of these facilities can greatly simplify the problems of coding and maintaining low-level code. Raw assembly source code as generated by compilers or disassemblers—code without any comments, meaningful symbols, or data definitions—is quite difficult to read when changes must be made. MacrosMany assemblers support predefined macros, and others support programmer-defined (and repeatedly re-definable) macros involving sequences of text lines in which variables and constants are embedded. This sequence of text lines may include opcodes or directives. Once a macro has been defined its name may be used in place of a mnemonic. When the assembler p rocesses such a statement, it replaces the statement with the text lines associated with that macro, then processes them as if they existed in the source code file (including, in some assemblers, expansion of any macros existing in the replacement text).Note that this definition of â€Å"macro† is slightly different from the use of the term in other contexts, like the C programming language. C macros created through the #define directive typically are just one line or a few lines at most. Assembler macro instructions can be lengthy â€Å"programs† by themselves, executed by interpretation by the assembler during assembly. Since macros can have ‘short' names but expand to several or indeed many lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs appear to be far shorter, requiring fewer lines of source code, as with higher level languages.They can also be used to add higher levels of structure to assembly programs, optionally introduce embedded debu gging code via parameters and other similar features. Macro assemblers often allow macros to take parameters. Some assemblers include quite sophisticated macro languages, incorporating such high-level language elements as optional parameters, symbolic variables, conditionals, string manipulation, and arithmetic operations, all usable during the execution of a given macro, and allowing macros to save context or exchange information.Thus a macro might generate a large number of assembly language instructions or data definitions, based on the macro arguments. This could be used to generate record-style data structures or â€Å"unrolled† loops, for example, or could generate entire algorithms based on complex parameters. An organization using assembly language that has been heavily extended using such a macro suite can be considered to be working in a higher-level language, since such programmers are not working with a computer's lowest-level conceptual elements.Macros were used to customize large scale software systems for specific customers in the mainframe era and were also used by customer personnel to satisfy their employers' needs by making specific versions of manufacturer operating systems. This was done, for example, by systems programmers working with IBM's Conversational Monitor System / Virtual Machine (VM/CMS) and with IBM's â€Å"real time transaction processing† add-ons, Customer Information Control System CICS, and ACP/TPF, the airline/financial system that began in the 1970s and still runs many large computer reservations systems (CRS) and credit card systems today.It was also possible to use solely the macro processing abilities of an assembler to generate code written in completely different languages, for example, to generate a version of a program in COBOL using a pure macro assembler program containing lines of COBOL code inside assembly time operators instructing the assembler to generate arbitrary code. This was because, as wa s realized in the 1960s, the concept of â€Å"macro processing† is independent of the concept of â€Å"assembly†, the former being in modern terms more word processing, text processing, than generating object code.The concept of macro processing appeared, and appears, in the C programming language, which supports â€Å"preprocessor instructions† to set variables, and make conditional tests on their values. Note that unlike certain previous macro processors inside assemblers, the C preprocessor was not Turing-complete because it lacked the ability to either loop or â€Å"go to†, the latter allowing programs to loop.Despite the power of macro processing, it fell into disuse in many high level languages (major exceptions being C/C++ and PL/I) while remaining a perennial for assemblers. Macro parameter substitution is strictly by name: at macro processing time, the value of a parameter is textually substituted for its name. The most famous class of bugs resul ting was the use of a parameter that itself was an expression and not a simple name when the macro writer expected a name.In the macro: foo: macro a load a*b the intention was that the caller would provide the name of a variable, and the â€Å"global† variable or constant b would be used to multiply â€Å"a†. If foo is called with the parameter a-c, the macro expansion of load a-c*b occurs. To avoid any possible ambiguity, users of macro processors can parenthesize formal parameters inside macro definitions, or callers can parenthesize the input parameters.

Global Poverty and Cultural Issues Essay

Poverty has been a pervasive phenomenon in the world. Hunger, high level of illiteracy, high rates of child morality to mention but a few, all have characterized poverty. In response to fight against poverty, several strategies have been developed globally to help improve the quality of human living which have had different impacts on social, economic and political spheres. The purpose of this presentation is it to discuss the global poverty in the context of globalization, the role played by international monetary agencies in addressing this issue and the resulting effects on culture. Global poverty It has been found that almost half of the people in the world are living on less than $2. 50 in a day and more than eighty percent of the world’s population live in the countries which have a widening income difference. This is reflected by the fact that forty percent of the poorest of the world’s population account for only five percent of the global income while twenty percent of the richest people account for three quarters of the whole world income (Wilson, pp 172). In level of literacy, it has been found that close to one billion people have stepped in twenty first century unable to read a book or even be able to sign in their names (Birdsall, Kelley and Sinding pp 153). Approximately forty million people are living with HIV/AIDS and about five hundred million cases of malaria are witnessed every year. Africa has the highest percentages of these cases and deaths. In the developing countries majority of people do lack adequate access to clean and safe water and still a greater portion lack basic sanitation. Children who are born, one billion live in poverty while about six hundred and forty millon children live without adequate shelter while about four hundred million children lack access to safe water. In rural areas three out of four people are found to earn less than $ 1 and the same proportion of the world population is malnourished. The growth of slums is at alarming rate where out of half of world’s population living in cities and towns, one out of three urban dwellers lives in slum conditions (Otlin, pp67-69). Globalization and Poverty Reduction The term globalization refers to a process of interaction and integration that involves different groups such people, government of different nations and companies. It is driven by international trade and investment and is aided by information technology. It has caused significant effects on culture, environment, political systems, economic development and human physical well being of many societies around world (Lawig, pp15). The ideology of globalization has been made effective by policies that have paved way to economies both locally and internationally. The world has become a global village. Commodities which had been earlier confined in one part of the world are now available across the globe. Both goods and people can reach destinations in a relative short time due to improved infrastructure. Also, work can be outsourced from any part of the world provided there is internet connectivity. Apart from policies, technology has been the great driver of globalization. Information technology has also become an important tool for identifying and perusing economic opportunities in the fastest rate possible in addition to more informed economic trends analysis. In the context of global poverty, globalization is considered to be an approach to boost the poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and improve their living standards. Free trade creates new opportunities for new investments, jobs and enhances more efficient way in resources use that in turn increases productivity. Liberalization of capital flows enables greater access to external resources needed to finance investments. Besides this, foreign direct investment do encourage the transfer of technology , easy accessibility to a wider range of better quality of goods at competitive prices in addition to managerial expertise and skills (Niggle, pp 22-24). World Bank and IMF The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are main international financial institutions in the world. In Africa for example, they are the major sources that provide financial support. Over the past the poorest countries in Africa have often turned to World Bank and IMF to request for financial support due to their impoverished situation. To be able to implement this, these agencies have Structural Adjustment Programs/Policies (SAPs). These are economic policies that must be followed by any country that is in need of their loans. These policies in many countries, they have common principles such as export led growth, privatization, liberalization and efficiency of the free market (Winter, pp36). Structural Adjustment Programs demands the countries to devalue their currencies against the dollar. This helps to make goods cheaper for foreigners to buy. Also there is need for the government to balance their budgets and not to overspend, remove price controls and state subsides. Balancing national budgets usually should be through cutting government spending and usually not by raising taxes. The implication of this is deep cuts in government programs such as education, health, social care as well as removal of subsides that are aimed to control prices of basic necessities such as food. These SAPs often emphasis on production and exportation of primary commodities like tea and coffee for earning foreign exchange. However, in practice the Structural adjustment Programs have only result to escalating state of poverty in countries where they are implemented due to various reasons. First, privatization requires governments to sell off the enterprises to private owners and in many cases they are foreign investors. This result to lay-off and pay cuts for employee in these privatized organizations. Secondly, reduction in government spending results to reducing services to the poor especially the critical ones such as health and education. Thirdly, the promotion of exports by countries as required in SAPs is done at the expense of production for domestic needs. This is because the export orientation is often involved with displacement of people who grow food for their domestic own consumption because land is occupied by plantations for growing crops for foreign markets. The fourth factor is that increased interest rates that are recessionary are bound to affect national economies in that small businesses where women are the main actors find it hard to access to affordable credit which make it hard to survive. This leads to unemployment. Lastly, trade liberalization requires elimination of tariff protections for industries. When this happens in developing countries, it causes mass layoff of employees. For instance in Mozambique World Bank and IMF ordered for removal of export tax on cashew nut that caused about ten thousand workers to loose their jobs (Udayagiri & Walton, pp101-102). Effects of World Bank and IMF Aids on Zimbabwe: A Cultural Perspective Culture can be defined as the perspectives, practices and products of a social group. It is shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and affective understanding that are acquired through socialization process. It is through these shared patterns that identify the members of a particular culture group and also it distinguishes those of another group. The following is a cultural perspective discussion on the effects of international monetary funds and globalization in Zimbabwe. Since Zimbabwe sought aid from IMF and World Bank and adopted their Structural Adjustment Programs, the situation has been deteriorating. The negative effects of Structural Adjustment Programs have not been felt on economy levels alone but also in the Zimbabwean culture. Zimbabwe was a choice in this presentation because of its current worrying socio-economic trends which have been catalyzed by high inflation rates than any other African country and has also witnessed tight IMF/World Bank screws (Mumbengegwi, pp 22-26) When IMF demanded adoption of SAPs by Zimbabwean government they were not tailored to address the local needs of common man. Rather they were in favor of foreign investors through trade liberalization. One of SAPs required Zimbabwe government to privatize state owned enterprises. This is culturally because most of Zimbabweans have been known, for instance, to be small-holder dairy farmers as their livelihood. As result of privatization, for instance of dairy cooperatives through floatation of share, majority of the farmer experienced a cultural crisis. This is because they were unable to continue with their selling of milk. They could no longer enjoy relatively cheap and affordable credit facilities as before making it impossible to continue with dairy farming. Also the issue of privatization provoked alterations in land tenure system. It has been a tradition to own land on communal basis as opposed to private land ownership. However, this tradition has been broken through issuing of freehold title to male landholders which never used to exist before. This anticipated productivity crisis particularly in farming system in many small scale commercial farming. SAPs had effect on the Zimbabwean culture of maize farming. Before implementation of SAPs in Zimbabwe, the country was used to grow maize in large scale which made it to have enough to feed its population and have stock piles. But due to the demands of World Bank and IMF for the country to be export oriented to increase if foreign exchange, it forced the country to sell all of its stockpiles in obedience. Due to unfavorable climatic conditions, now Zimbabwe does not have any maize reserves to feed it population as it was its culture. It now relies on importation which is scarcely enough to meet food needs of it starving citizens. Before, introduction of export-oriented concept in Zimbabwe, it practiced traditional farming that focused on growing of indigenous crops for local consumption. This has gradually phased out because of SAPs demand for growing crops that are export oriented. Instead of improving on indigenous crops that will enhance attainment of food sufficiency , community has ended up suffering from extreme hunger because growing the local foods have been abandon for cash crop growing. To facilitate cash crop growing, most of land was commercialized. This privatization and commercialization of land have suppressed women rights in regard to land control. In the past when communal land system was practiced, women had access and control over the land. But commercialization and privatization of the land in the country have adversely affected land rights of most of the women because they now have limited access and control of the land despite the fact that they are the main contributors in agricultural production (Wod, pp 122). World and IMF policies further demanded the Zimbabwean government to reduce its national budget by retrenching certain number of employees and strict wages control. In addition to this, it was expected to cut down social spending on health, health and public services and charge them some fee. To make matter worse apart from privatization of state owned enterprises, Value Added Tax was to be introduced. This resulted to high cost of living which altogether affected the normal way of living of Zimbabwean citizens. This led to high rate of unemployment. In response to this family ties started loosening as many men migrated in search for jobs causing increased rate of female headed household in the country which is contrary to existing culture. Thorough keen scrutiny, one would clearly see that globalization ideology is Structural Adjustment Policies in disguise. This is because it also lobbies for trade liberalization. Because the majority of Zimbabwe citizens are small scale entrepreneurs, trade liberalization has severely affected them. Women being the major actors in agriculture production, trade liberalization have failed them to acquire credit and other farming inputs because of their high cost. This has resulted to increased rural urban migration, great number of squatters in urban areas and high crime rate which has now become a new cultural phenomenon. There has been increased moral decay. Significant numbers of women have resorted to cross border trade whereby there have been several reported cases of extramarital affairs while the husbands who have been left at home indulge in the same (Schweiker, pp11). Children are no longer seen by fires side listening to counsel that instill values and norms that hold society together because every one is struggling for survival as living standard has skyrocketed in the country Conclusion World Bank and IMF policies have caused more evil than good in the countries which they have been implemented. SAPs have not been tailored to address the poverty situation in developing countries but are only to cater the interest of those formulated them. They do not attempt to address poverty using local context perspective but are generalized to favor the international corporations from developed countries. But because aid can not be given without compliance to these polices, the needy countries end up falling being their preys. Both SAPs and globalization is one and the same thing and their effects are not only felt in spheres of political or economies alone but also deeply felt at cultural sphere. Their effects alter practices and perspectives of community by imposing a change in tradition way of doing things and because of the essence for survival some practices are dropped while others are adopted to cope with the present challenges that are threat to human living such as hunger. References Birdsall, N. Kelley, A. C. , Sinding, S. ; Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. ISBN 0199244073, 9780199244072, Oxford University Press, 2001. Mumbengegwi, C. ; Macroeconomic and Structural Adjustment Policies in Zimbabwe. ISBN 1403914419, 9781403914415. Palgrave, 2002. Lawig, K. ; Overcoming Globalization: The Root of Violence. The Ecumenical Review Journal, Vol. 55, 2003. Otlin, Josh; The Causes of Poverty: Thinking Critically about a Key Economic Issue. Social Education Journal, Vol. 72, 2008. Niggle, C, J. ; Globalization, Neoliberalism and the Attack on Social Security. Review of Social Economy Journal, Vol. 61, 2003. Schweiker, W. ; Whither Global Ethics? Moral Consciousness and Global Cultural Flows. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Vol. 42, 2007. Winter, C. A; The Globalizes: The IMF, the World Bank and Their Borrowers. Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 41, 2007. Wilson, S. ; The Struggle over Work: The ‘End of Work† and Employment Options for Post-Industrial Societies. ISBN 0415305500, 9780415305501, Routledge, 2004. Wod, B. ; Re-evaluating Socioeconomic Conditions and the Continuing Spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 29, 2005. Udayagiri, M. & Walton, J. ; Global Transformation and Local Countermovements: The Prospects for Democracy under Neoliberalism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology . Vol. 44, 2003.

The History of Scissors

The History of Scissors Leonardo da  Vinci has often been credited with inventing scissors, but they predate his lifetime by many centuries. Nowadays, it’s hard to find a household these days that doesn’t have at least one pair. Ancient Scissors The ancient Egyptians used a version of scissors as long ago as 1500 B.C. They were a single piece of metal, typically bronze, fashioned into two blades that were controlled by a metal strip. The strip kept the blades apart until they were squeezed. Each blade was a scissor. Collectively, the blades were scissors, or so rumor has it. Through trade and adventure, the device eventually spread beyond Egypt to other parts of the world. The Romans adapted the Egyptians  design in 100 A.D., creating pivoted or cross-blade scissors that were more in line with what we have today. The Romans also used bronze, but they sometimes made their scissors from iron as well. Roman scissors had two blades that slid past each other. The pivot was situated between the tip and the handles to create a cutting effect between the two blades when they were applied to various properties.  Both Egyptian and Roman versions of scissors had to be sharpened regularly. Scissors Enter the 18th Century Although the actual inventor of scissors is hard to identify, Robert Hinchliffe, of Sheffield, England, should be rightfully acknowledged as the father of modern scissors. He was the first to use steel to manufacture and mass-produce them in 1761 more than 200 years after da  Vinci’s death. Pinking shears  were first invented and patented in 1893 by Louise Austin of Whatcom of Washington to facilitate pinking and scalloping and as a marked improvement over ordinary pinking irons and tools.† Here are some mentions of scissors in print publications over the years, as well as a bit of folklore. From Emar, Capital of Astata, in the 14th  Century BCE By Jean-Claude Margueron Besides ceramics, occasionally collected in large quantities, the houses produced stone and metallic objects illustrating both day-to-day needs and the activities of city merchants: beer filters,  containers, arrow and javelin heads, scales of armor, needles and  scissors,  long nails,  bronze scrapers, millstones, mortars, many kinds of grindstones, pestles, various tools and stone rings. From  The Story of Scissors  by J. Wiss Sons, 1948 Egyptian bronze shears of the Third Century B.C., a unique object of art.  Showing Greek influence although with decoration characteristic of Nile culture, the shears are illustrative of the high degree of craftsmanship which developed in the period following Alexanders conquest of Egypt.  Decorative male and female figures, which complement each other on each blade, are formed by solid pieces of metal of a different color inlaid in the bronze shears.Sir Flinders Petrie ascribes the development of cross-bladed shears to the First Century. In the Fifth Century, the scribe Isidore of Seville  describes cross-bladed shears or scissors with a center pivot as tools of the barber and tailor. Folklore and Superstition More than one expectant mother has placed a pair of scissors beneath her pillow at night somewhere toward the end of her ninth month of pregnancy. Superstition says that this will â€Å"cut the cord† with her baby and prompt labor. And heres another tall tale: Don’t hand those scissors to your best friend. Place them on any available surface and let your friend pick them up. Otherwise, you risk severing your relationship. Some say that those scissors languishing in your catch-it-all drawer can help keep evil spirits out of your home. Hang them by one handle near your door so they form a version of a cross.

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky Essay

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky - Essay Example The old woman is crazy, deaf, sick, greedy, and evil. She charges scandalous rates of interest, devours the well-being of others, and, having reduced her younger sister to the state of a servant, oppresses her with work. She is good for nothing. "Why does she live" "Is she useful to anyone at all" These and other questions carry the young man's mind astray. He decides to kill and rob her so as to make his mother, who is living in the provinces, happy; to save his sister from the libidinous importunities of the head of the estate where she is serving as a lady's companion; and then to finish his studies, go abroad and be for the rest of his life honest, firm, and unflinching in fulfilling his humanitarian duty toward mankind. This would, according to him, "make up for the crime," if one can call this act a crime, which is committed against an old, deaf, crazy, evil, sick woman, who does not know why she is living and who would perhaps die in a month anyway. (Notes 2007) The story is basically the struggle between Raskolnikov's Napoleon-bermensch theory and his conscience which make him confess to his crime. According to Tanguay (1997), the novel is an expos of the evil system which forced upon Raskolnikov the choice between crime and death by starvation. However, as the epilogue goes, the novel suggests the brighter side of man's connection to his creator as its more important theme. A repentant man can still hope for his benevolent creator waiting to hear him confess. This paper discusses how Fyodor Dostoevsky tries to present his message through many techniques. Basically, he tackles the issue of poverty and tries to show how an intelligent university student goes about in solving his financial problems. With it is the bermensch theory which he puts in the mind of Raskolnikov, thinking an ordinary man can become extraordinary - jumping from one level to another. The problem is that it has to be done with a crime and to come off it clean. The novel shows that the thinking of the protagonist, Raskolnikov, comes from great men like Napoleon who made history. From here, he uses dreams to foreshadow what is to come or make flashbacks on the past to register well a point. The novel throughout speaks of poverty as a theme as the different characters portray how they each respond to their problem of making both ends meet. As the characters go about their business, especially with Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky tries to go deep into the workings of the mind and present the progression of the psychological struggles. Dostoevsky also utilizes character contrasts to magnify other characters, such as the employ of the oversexed Svidrigalov trying to express regret for his dastardly acts by expressing charity after every wild act. He is contrasted against Raskolnikov who looks up to him as the extraordinary man who can commit crime without any pangs of regret. Dostoevsky finally ends his novel with a meaningful epilogue about man's redemption and his final association with his creator. The discussions that follow deal deeper with these elements to show how Dostoevsky tries to communicate his message. Communicating the message The social issue of poverty. Dostoevsky portrayed the contemporary social reality. Raskolnikov's murdering of the old moneylender resulted apparently from his dire poverty. He had no alternative but murder and robbery if he were to survive. From a thesis

Grammar and Syntax Resource Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Grammar and Syntax Resource Guide - Essay Example It will also describe the emphasis offered by each site regarding grammar and illustrate how the lesson ideas would be incorporated in my own teaching. ESL Flow http://www.eslflow.com/grammarlessonplans.html/ This site gives the learner random English words and asks them to construct sentences using each word at least once. After creating a minimum of five sentences, the learner is then asked to pick words from the sentences and categorize them into provided columns with different headings. The headings are labeled verbs, nouns, adverbs and adverbs. It also offers effective memorizing tips. Brain Pop http://www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/capitalization/preview.weml/ This website lays emphasis on the rules of capitalization. They format their lessons on a game show that explain how common nouns differ from proper nouns. They also explain whether or not and why pronouns should be capitalized. They use examples of days and months of the calendar to show what should be capitalized. Fur ther examples include peoples’ names, movie and book titles. At the end of the exercise the learners know that every first word of a sentence should be capitalized, including major words in titles of books. Learners also get to know that proper nouns, which include places, specific objects and people, are always capitalized. Fun Easy English http://funeasyenglish.com/new-american-english-grammar-topic-parts-of-speech.htm/ This site begins by introducing the eight parts of speech in the English language in a video clip. It then defines them (noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction and interjection) and explains how they are used in construction of sentences. It summarizes by demonstrating how to punctuate sentences. At the end of the exercise, there is a test whereby sentences are given and the learner is asked to answer a question on them. One word is printed in bold and the learner needs to decide which part of speech it belongs to. It is challenging because multiple choices are provided, and the learner who did not pay attention may easily get confused. It also tests the learner’s listening ability by the video presentation at the beginning. Ms Hogue’s Online English Resource http://www.mshogue.com/beyond-another-brick-in-the-wall/ This website teaches learners an analytical approach to writings like essays, poems, narratives and music. Students are given either written or audio material. After going through them, they are required to write a summary within a specified number of words, reflecting their understanding of what they just read or heard. The exercise tests their reading and listening ability and knowledge of compressing sentences on top of their comprehension of the message delivered. Grammar Monster http://www.grammar-monster.com/ This website lays emphasis on punctuations and abbreviations. It gives instructions on the use of apostrophes, brackets, commas, full stops, question marks and many more. It also has a section on abbreviating words and use of punctuation marks to shorten words. However, it is not a recommended site for beginners because it takes an advanced knowledge of the language before one can embark on shortening words. In general, all the websites on teaching English language share the same concepts, with a slight difference depending on the target group that ranges from elementary to advanced and basic communication skills for temporary

The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Essay

The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Efficiency - Essay Example In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These computations of returns approximations are possible where there are efficient market mechanisms. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between market efficiency and rationality of investors. (Jones, 2009, p. 329).The Efficient Market Hypothesis   In 1900, Louis Bachelier developed hypotheses of investment payoffs. Keim & Ziemba The Efficient Market Hypothesis is one of these theories of investment payoffs. The Efficient Market Hypothesis hypothesizes that, at any given time, equity prices fully replicate all accessible information. The propositions of the efficient marketplace hypothesis are profound (Fama, 1995, p. 4) . Most traders who sell and buy equities do these under the postulation that the equities they are selling are worth below the selling price while equities they are purchasing are worth in excess of the price that they are disbursing. However, if there is an efficient market and current prices fully replicate all information, then selling and purchasing in an endeavor to outperform the marketplace will efficiently be a game possibility rather than expertise (Jones, 2009, p. 329).... 5) notes, Simon suggested three ways which a resolution maker can endeavor to optimize their returns. First, using max-min rule of the game theory, every investor deems the worst possible result for every investment and builds a portfolio, which will generate the biggest value when made up of a mixture of these minimum values. However, it is worth noting that there is no rational investor who would select securities, given that the worst likely result for equities is loss. Secondly, an investor can build a mixture of investment alternatives where the likelihood of every outcome is maximized. The combination of these investment alternatives will depend of the risk profile of every portfolio. Jones (2009, p. 325) observes that investment risk is positively related to the returns of that investment, implying that the investment with high risks generates higher returns. Rational investors will undertake investments which correspond to their risk tolerance categories. Thirdly, Simon visua lizes the investor selecting one entire portfolio from a set of alternatives which will maximize the value. This may be selecting a portfolio containing bonds only, equities only, from accessible investment alternatives. Simon deems that the complexity of computation in relation to real human choice circumstances is beyond the average investor; however, with market efficiency these calculations can be performed. In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies Essay

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies are likely to become a key force in the shaping of the glob - Essay Example However, over a certain period of time, the emergence of a significant number of rising markets as well as ostensible deterioration in developed markets have been observed. Nowadays, a huge exodus of MNCs from developed economies to emerging economies has been observed. A majority of MNCs have found favourable working conditions and are establishing themselves in the developing economies. In this effect, MNCs from developing economies are bound to become a major force in determining the international competitive landscape (Roach, 2007). Considering this aspect, the discussion is based on evaluating the validity of the statement that in next several decades, MNCs from emerging economies are likely to become a key force for shaping the global competitive landscape. ... MNCs from emerging economies usually obtain leverage from inexpensive labour, favourable trade principles and overall inducements to expand the business itself. Apparently, not just the MNCs are impacted by international expansion, the host nation’s economic environment and organisational experience are also impacted by MNCs. A proliferation of MNCs from emerging economies can lead to increased competition, augmented innovation in markets, better rearrangement of resources and increased job opportunities (Ernst & Young Global Limited, n.d.). MNCs of Emerging Economies as Key Force in Shaping Global Competitive Landscape In present days, emerging markets serve as an inducer of economic growth for entire world. The emerging economies have stronger potentiality of growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). According to the estimation of World Bank, the market size of E7 economies will become 64% larger in comparison to present G7 (Pricewater houseCoopers LLP, 2011). A significant convergence has been observed between E7 and G7 in recent times, which was accelerated by international economic recession of 2007. In 2007, the total GDP at PPP of G7 nations was almost 60% bigger than E7 nations. In 2010, it has been observed that the gap between GDP at PPP had shrivelled by 35%. The major drivers for growth of E7 nations are China and India (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 2011). The following table shows the GDP at PPP in 2009 and estimation at 2050: Rank in 2009 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion Rank in 2050 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion 1 US 14256 1 China 59475 2 China 8888 2 India 43180 3 Japan 4138 3 US 37876 4 India 3752 4

Cutaneous Myoepithelioma | Case Study

Cutaneous Myoepithelioma | Case Study TITLE: Cutaneous myoepithelioma: A case report of an unusual and recently recognized entity ABSTRACT: Myoepitheliomas and mixed tumors were only recently recognized to occur primarily in soft tissue, and only small case numbers have been described. The present case is of 25-year-old male who had solitary, painless mass over right middle finger, measuring 3cm in greatest dimensions and light microscopy revealed a tumor composed of a mixed population of spindle, epithelioid and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. No definite diagnosis could be reached on this morphology and initial diagnosis of benign mixed stromal tumor was considered. Immunohistochemistry(IHC) was performed and the tumor showed strong positivity for Calponin and SMA, Ki-index showed low index, weak and focal positivity for S-100 and negative for Pan-CK. The final diagnosis of benign myoepithelioma was entertained. Keywords: Myoepithelioma, Cutaneous, Soft tissue INTRODUCTION: Myoepithelioma of the skin and soft tissue is a newly recognized entity only ten years ago with fewer than 50 case reports. It has characteristic histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, which need to be differentiated from a variety of tumors CASE REPORT: Case history: A 25-year-old male presented with a solitary, painless mass over right middle finger, measuring 3cm in greatest dimension since 6months. There is no increase in size and overlying skin is smooth and unremarkable. The mass is firm, non- tender and mobile. X-ray showed a soft tissue mass with underlying bone unremarkable. Gross: Multiple tissue bits aggregate measuring 3Ãâ€"2Ãâ€"1cm and skin flap measuring 2Ãâ€"1cm. Light microscopy: Revealed a tumor in the superficial dermis composed of a mixed population of spindle , epithelioid, and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. No definite diagnosis could be reached on this morphology and diagnosis of benign mixed stromal tumor was considered. Immunohistochemistry(IHC): IHC was performed and showed strongly positive Calponin and SMA. S-100 was weak and focally positive. Pan CK was negative. Ki 67 revealed low index (2%). The final diagnosis of Benign myoepithelioma was entertained. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS The primary differential diagnoses considered were extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) and ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT). EMC typically shows a multinodular growth pattern with cords of cells in a myxoid matrix. The tumor cells in EMC are more spindled than those of myoepitheliomas. S-100 protein and epithelial markers are expressed in a minority of EMC and usually only focally, while both the markers are often extensively expressed in myoepitheliomas. OFMT is a lobulated tumor surrounded by a rim of metaplastic bone. The tumor cells are mostly pale-staining ovoid to round cells. Approximately 70% of OFMT show positivity for S-100 protein and vimentin and 50% of tumor cells are positive for desmin. The tumor cells in OFMT are rarely positive for epithelial markers and GFAP. Myoepitheliomas are generally negative for desmin, nearly half positive for GFAP, and nearly always show positivity for keratin and S-100 protein.[1] Other tumors that should be differentiated are, Epithelioid benign fibrous histiocytoma that usually shows a superficial dermal tumor with a well-developed epidermal collarette. Spitz nevus is characterized by a junctional component, nesting and maturation of tumor cells. In epithelioid sarcoma, multiple tumor nodules around central necrosis or even myxoid degeneration are often seen. More morphologic uniformity is observed in epithelioid sarcoma over myoepithelioma. Moreover, approximately 90% of epithelioid sarcoma are positive for vimentin, cytokeratin, and EMA, and around 60% are positive for CD34, but are generally negative for other markers typical myoepithelial differentiation (S-100 protein, GFAP, myogenic markers). Cellular neurothekeoma consists of nesting of tumor cells, and are consistently S-100 negative.[2] COMMENT Tumors comprised mostly of myoepithelial cells without obvious epithelial differentiation are designated myoepitheliomas.[1] Neoplasms of myoepithelial cells can occur in a pure form as myoepitheliomas or in association with glandular structures as mixed tumors.[2] Myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissue were recognized only 10 years ago.[3] Myoepithelial cells can exhibit dual epithelial and myoid differentiation. They may also show divergent metaplasia, including squamous, adipocytic, bone and cartilaginous differentiation.[4,5] As a consequence, proliferating myoepithelial cells in neoplasms display a variety of histologic and immunohistochemical expression patterns. It has been postulated that cutaneous myoepitheliomas are related to mixed tumors of skin and that soft tissue myoepitheliomas are derived from deeply located adnexal structures. Cutaneous myoepitheliomas of the head and neck may be derived from salivary gland tissue, as has been reported in two parotid gland myoe pitheliomas presenting as infra- auricular subcutaneous masses.[6] Therefore, the possibility of an underlying primary salivary gland neoplasm should be considered in myoepitheliomas presenting in the head and neck. Myoepithelial tumors were described only recently in soft tissue, and, to date, fewer than 50 cases have been reported. Kilpatrick et al [3] reported a study of 19 patients with mixed tumors and myoepitheliomas of soft tissue in 1997. Michal et al [7] reported 12 additional cases of myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissues in 1999, Hornick and Fletcher conducted a study of 14 cutaneous myoepitheliomas. There were 11 males and 3 females. The study indicated that cutaneous myoepitheliomas occur with peaks in childhood (7 patients were between 10 and 20 years of age) and middle age and are most common on the extremities, in contrast to mixed tumors of the skin, which typically occur on the head and neck in middle aged or elderly adults.[1,3,4] Myoepitheliomas of soft tissue are often lobulated, and the most frequent architectural pattern is reticular or trabecular with chondromyxoid or hyalinized stroma. These lesions display the same wide range of histologic features as those of salivary gland origin. Many tumors are heterogeneous, containing an admixture of epithelioid and spindled cells, reticular areas merging with solid areas, at least focally prominent stroma, and occasional foci of cartilaginous or osseous differentiation. [8] A small subset of tumors approximately 10% are predominantly solid proliferations of spindled or plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells. Occasional tumors display features of so-called parachordoma, namely, large epithelioid cells with eosinophilic epitheliomas. Initially, myoepitheliomas were only recognized to contain spindled or plasmacytoid cells growing in solid sheets. [9]Current classifications therefore include all of these patterns within the spectrum of myoepithelioma, simply separating those tumors with ductal differentiation into the mixed tumor category.[10,11] Whereas some investigators allow up to 5% or 10% ductal differentiation in myoepitheliomas, others classify tumors with any ducts as mixed tumors. In any event, it is now widely thought that myoepitheliomas and mixed tumors fall along a spectrum of tumors with overlapping histologic appearances and similar clinical behavior. Because the immunophenotype of these lesions overlaps with myoepithelioma, and otherwise typical myoepithelioma s can show focal areas with â€Å"parachordoma†-like features, it is becoming increasingly clear that parachordoma probably falls within the spectrum of myoepithelioma of soft tissue, as is reflected in the new WHO classification.[11] The only apparent difference in immunophenotype is GFAP and SMA negativity in parachordomas, because few cases of parachordoma have been studied and only about 50% of otherwise convincing soft tissue myoepitheliomas are GFAP positive and only around 40% are SMA-positive, then this distinction seems very questionable. Awareness of the wide morphologic range of myoepitheliomas is necessary to perform confirmatory immunohistochemical stains and thereby to arrive at the correct diagnosis.[12] In salivary glands, myoepitheliomas are generally positive for cytokeratins and S-100 protein, whereas immunostaining for actin and GFAP is variable. We therefore required immunoreactivity for either keratin or EMA, in conjunction with detection of S-100 protei n or myogenic markers, for the diagnosis of myoepithelioma and inclusion in this series. Neoplastic myoepithelial cells of all morphologic types often expressed myogenic markers.[13] As has been reported in the salivary gland, we found calponin to be the most sensitive myogenic marker, staining 86% of tumors, whereas SMA stained 36% and desmin only a small subset (14%). Interestingly, the basal cell/myoepithelial marker p63, which has shown utility in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma of breast and prostate due to the staining of myoepithelial or basal cells in in situ lesions, appears to be detectable in only one fourth of soft tissue myoepithelial tumors. Immunostaining for p63 is not specific for myoepithelial tumors, however, as this antigen has also been reported in other neoplasms, especially squamous cell and urothelial carcinomas.[13,14] Nonetheless, detection of p63 expression may provide helpful supportive evidence of myoepithelial differentiation in the proper morph ologic context. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous myoepitheliomas are relatively rare. Pathologists play an important role in reaching to accurate morphological diagnosis. Myoepitheliomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous and soft tissue tumors. Immunohistochemical study may aid in the diagnosis. Although most cutaneous and soft tissue myoepitheliomas behave in a benign fashion, there is a significant risk for local recurrence and a low metastatic potential. Wide excision with safe surgical margins and regular follow-up are crucial for the management of cutaneous and soft tissue myoepitheliomas. References: 1. Hornick JL,Fletche CDM. Myoepithelial tumors of soft tissue a clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical study of 101 cases with evaluation of prognostic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:1183–1196. 2. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD. Cutaneous myoepithelioma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:14-24. 3. Kilpatrick SE, Hitchcock MG, Kraus MD, Calonje E, Fletcher CD. Mixed tumors and myoepitheliomas of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases with a unifying concept. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:13-22. 4. Mentzel T, Requena L, Kaddu S et al. Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases suggesting a continuous spectrum ranging from benign mixed tumor of the skin to cutaneous myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2003;30:294-302. 5. Fernà ¡ndez-Figueras MT, Puig L, Trias I, Lorenzo JC, Navas-Palacios JJ. Benign myoepithelioma of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol. 1998;20:208-12. 6. Lewin MR, Montgomery EA, Barrett TL. New or unusual dermatopathology tumors: a review. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38:689-96. 7. Kutzner H, Mentzel T, Kaddu S et al. Cutaneous myoepithelioma: an under-recognized cutaneous neoplasm composed of myoepithelial cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:348-55 8. Dix BT, Hentges MJ, Saltrick KR, Krishnamurti U. Cutaneous myoepithelioma in the foot: case report. Foot Ankle Spec. 2013;6:239-41. 9. Michal M, Miettinen M. Myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissues. Report of 12 cases. Virchows Arch. 1999;434:393-400. 10. Franklin G, Chen S, Sznyter LA, Morgenstern NJ. Cutaneous myoepithelioma with a plexiform pattern of growth: a case report. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:42-5. 11. Jo VY, Antonescu CR, Zhang L et al. Cutaneous Syncytial Myoepithelioma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 38 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013 ; 37: 710–718. 12. Jakate K, Wong K, Sirbovan J, Hanna W. Cutaneous myoepithelioma arising within hidradenoma of the scalp. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39:279-85. 13. Stojsic Z, Brasanac D, Boricic I, Bacetic D. Clear cell myoepithelial carcinoma of the skin. A case report. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:680-3. 14. Tanahashi J, Kashima K, Daa T, Kondo Y, Kuratomi E, Yokoyama S. A case of cutaneous myoepithelial carcinoma. . J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34:648-53. LEGENDS Figure 1:Myoepithelioma(100X): composed of a mixed population of spindled, epithelioid, and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. Insert shows 400X view and reveals mild nuclear atypia (coarse chromatin and prominent nucleoli) . Figurer 2:Myoepithelioma(400X): (a)shows SMA positivity in the cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells.(b) shows strong positivity for Calponin in the cytoplasm of spindle cells.(c) shows PAN CK negativity(d) showsS100 negativity. Figure 3 :Myoepithelioma(400X): shows Low Ki 67 index.