The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Essay

The Relationship between Rationality of Investors and Market Efficiency - Essay Example In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These computations of returns approximations are possible where there are efficient market mechanisms. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between market efficiency and rationality of investors. (Jones, 2009, p. 329).The Efficient Market Hypothesis   In 1900, Louis Bachelier developed hypotheses of investment payoffs. Keim & Ziemba The Efficient Market Hypothesis is one of these theories of investment payoffs. The Efficient Market Hypothesis hypothesizes that, at any given time, equity prices fully replicate all accessible information. The propositions of the efficient marketplace hypothesis are profound (Fama, 1995, p. 4) . Most traders who sell and buy equities do these under the postulation that the equities they are selling are worth below the selling price while equities they are purchasing are worth in excess of the price that they are disbursing. However, if there is an efficient market and current prices fully replicate all information, then selling and purchasing in an endeavor to outperform the marketplace will efficiently be a game possibility rather than expertise (Jones, 2009, p. 329).... 5) notes, Simon suggested three ways which a resolution maker can endeavor to optimize their returns. First, using max-min rule of the game theory, every investor deems the worst possible result for every investment and builds a portfolio, which will generate the biggest value when made up of a mixture of these minimum values. However, it is worth noting that there is no rational investor who would select securities, given that the worst likely result for equities is loss. Secondly, an investor can build a mixture of investment alternatives where the likelihood of every outcome is maximized. The combination of these investment alternatives will depend of the risk profile of every portfolio. Jones (2009, p. 325) observes that investment risk is positively related to the returns of that investment, implying that the investment with high risks generates higher returns. Rational investors will undertake investments which correspond to their risk tolerance categories. Thirdly, Simon visua lizes the investor selecting one entire portfolio from a set of alternatives which will maximize the value. This may be selecting a portfolio containing bonds only, equities only, from accessible investment alternatives. Simon deems that the complexity of computation in relation to real human choice circumstances is beyond the average investor; however, with market efficiency these calculations can be performed. In an efficient market, significant information is freely accessible to all participants. Researchers argue that with the current availability and utilization of complicated modeling in capital markets and with substantiality superior revelation and analysis, superior approximations of returns may be made by expert investors (Keim & Ziemba, 2000, p. 255). These

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies Essay

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies are likely to become a key force in the shaping of the glob - Essay Example However, over a certain period of time, the emergence of a significant number of rising markets as well as ostensible deterioration in developed markets have been observed. Nowadays, a huge exodus of MNCs from developed economies to emerging economies has been observed. A majority of MNCs have found favourable working conditions and are establishing themselves in the developing economies. In this effect, MNCs from developing economies are bound to become a major force in determining the international competitive landscape (Roach, 2007). Considering this aspect, the discussion is based on evaluating the validity of the statement that in next several decades, MNCs from emerging economies are likely to become a key force for shaping the global competitive landscape. ... MNCs from emerging economies usually obtain leverage from inexpensive labour, favourable trade principles and overall inducements to expand the business itself. Apparently, not just the MNCs are impacted by international expansion, the host nation’s economic environment and organisational experience are also impacted by MNCs. A proliferation of MNCs from emerging economies can lead to increased competition, augmented innovation in markets, better rearrangement of resources and increased job opportunities (Ernst & Young Global Limited, n.d.). MNCs of Emerging Economies as Key Force in Shaping Global Competitive Landscape In present days, emerging markets serve as an inducer of economic growth for entire world. The emerging economies have stronger potentiality of growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). According to the estimation of World Bank, the market size of E7 economies will become 64% larger in comparison to present G7 (Pricewater houseCoopers LLP, 2011). A significant convergence has been observed between E7 and G7 in recent times, which was accelerated by international economic recession of 2007. In 2007, the total GDP at PPP of G7 nations was almost 60% bigger than E7 nations. In 2010, it has been observed that the gap between GDP at PPP had shrivelled by 35%. The major drivers for growth of E7 nations are China and India (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 2011). The following table shows the GDP at PPP in 2009 and estimation at 2050: Rank in 2009 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion Rank in 2050 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion 1 US 14256 1 China 59475 2 China 8888 2 India 43180 3 Japan 4138 3 US 37876 4 India 3752 4

Cutaneous Myoepithelioma | Case Study

Cutaneous Myoepithelioma | Case Study TITLE: Cutaneous myoepithelioma: A case report of an unusual and recently recognized entity ABSTRACT: Myoepitheliomas and mixed tumors were only recently recognized to occur primarily in soft tissue, and only small case numbers have been described. The present case is of 25-year-old male who had solitary, painless mass over right middle finger, measuring 3cm in greatest dimensions and light microscopy revealed a tumor composed of a mixed population of spindle, epithelioid and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. No definite diagnosis could be reached on this morphology and initial diagnosis of benign mixed stromal tumor was considered. Immunohistochemistry(IHC) was performed and the tumor showed strong positivity for Calponin and SMA, Ki-index showed low index, weak and focal positivity for S-100 and negative for Pan-CK. The final diagnosis of benign myoepithelioma was entertained. Keywords: Myoepithelioma, Cutaneous, Soft tissue INTRODUCTION: Myoepithelioma of the skin and soft tissue is a newly recognized entity only ten years ago with fewer than 50 case reports. It has characteristic histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, which need to be differentiated from a variety of tumors CASE REPORT: Case history: A 25-year-old male presented with a solitary, painless mass over right middle finger, measuring 3cm in greatest dimension since 6months. There is no increase in size and overlying skin is smooth and unremarkable. The mass is firm, non- tender and mobile. X-ray showed a soft tissue mass with underlying bone unremarkable. Gross: Multiple tissue bits aggregate measuring 3Ãâ€"2Ãâ€"1cm and skin flap measuring 2Ãâ€"1cm. Light microscopy: Revealed a tumor in the superficial dermis composed of a mixed population of spindle , epithelioid, and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. No definite diagnosis could be reached on this morphology and diagnosis of benign mixed stromal tumor was considered. Immunohistochemistry(IHC): IHC was performed and showed strongly positive Calponin and SMA. S-100 was weak and focally positive. Pan CK was negative. Ki 67 revealed low index (2%). The final diagnosis of Benign myoepithelioma was entertained. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS The primary differential diagnoses considered were extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) and ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT). EMC typically shows a multinodular growth pattern with cords of cells in a myxoid matrix. The tumor cells in EMC are more spindled than those of myoepitheliomas. S-100 protein and epithelial markers are expressed in a minority of EMC and usually only focally, while both the markers are often extensively expressed in myoepitheliomas. OFMT is a lobulated tumor surrounded by a rim of metaplastic bone. The tumor cells are mostly pale-staining ovoid to round cells. Approximately 70% of OFMT show positivity for S-100 protein and vimentin and 50% of tumor cells are positive for desmin. The tumor cells in OFMT are rarely positive for epithelial markers and GFAP. Myoepitheliomas are generally negative for desmin, nearly half positive for GFAP, and nearly always show positivity for keratin and S-100 protein.[1] Other tumors that should be differentiated are, Epithelioid benign fibrous histiocytoma that usually shows a superficial dermal tumor with a well-developed epidermal collarette. Spitz nevus is characterized by a junctional component, nesting and maturation of tumor cells. In epithelioid sarcoma, multiple tumor nodules around central necrosis or even myxoid degeneration are often seen. More morphologic uniformity is observed in epithelioid sarcoma over myoepithelioma. Moreover, approximately 90% of epithelioid sarcoma are positive for vimentin, cytokeratin, and EMA, and around 60% are positive for CD34, but are generally negative for other markers typical myoepithelial differentiation (S-100 protein, GFAP, myogenic markers). Cellular neurothekeoma consists of nesting of tumor cells, and are consistently S-100 negative.[2] COMMENT Tumors comprised mostly of myoepithelial cells without obvious epithelial differentiation are designated myoepitheliomas.[1] Neoplasms of myoepithelial cells can occur in a pure form as myoepitheliomas or in association with glandular structures as mixed tumors.[2] Myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissue were recognized only 10 years ago.[3] Myoepithelial cells can exhibit dual epithelial and myoid differentiation. They may also show divergent metaplasia, including squamous, adipocytic, bone and cartilaginous differentiation.[4,5] As a consequence, proliferating myoepithelial cells in neoplasms display a variety of histologic and immunohistochemical expression patterns. It has been postulated that cutaneous myoepitheliomas are related to mixed tumors of skin and that soft tissue myoepitheliomas are derived from deeply located adnexal structures. Cutaneous myoepitheliomas of the head and neck may be derived from salivary gland tissue, as has been reported in two parotid gland myoe pitheliomas presenting as infra- auricular subcutaneous masses.[6] Therefore, the possibility of an underlying primary salivary gland neoplasm should be considered in myoepitheliomas presenting in the head and neck. Myoepithelial tumors were described only recently in soft tissue, and, to date, fewer than 50 cases have been reported. Kilpatrick et al [3] reported a study of 19 patients with mixed tumors and myoepitheliomas of soft tissue in 1997. Michal et al [7] reported 12 additional cases of myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissues in 1999, Hornick and Fletcher conducted a study of 14 cutaneous myoepitheliomas. There were 11 males and 3 females. The study indicated that cutaneous myoepitheliomas occur with peaks in childhood (7 patients were between 10 and 20 years of age) and middle age and are most common on the extremities, in contrast to mixed tumors of the skin, which typically occur on the head and neck in middle aged or elderly adults.[1,3,4] Myoepitheliomas of soft tissue are often lobulated, and the most frequent architectural pattern is reticular or trabecular with chondromyxoid or hyalinized stroma. These lesions display the same wide range of histologic features as those of salivary gland origin. Many tumors are heterogeneous, containing an admixture of epithelioid and spindled cells, reticular areas merging with solid areas, at least focally prominent stroma, and occasional foci of cartilaginous or osseous differentiation. [8] A small subset of tumors approximately 10% are predominantly solid proliferations of spindled or plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells. Occasional tumors display features of so-called parachordoma, namely, large epithelioid cells with eosinophilic epitheliomas. Initially, myoepitheliomas were only recognized to contain spindled or plasmacytoid cells growing in solid sheets. [9]Current classifications therefore include all of these patterns within the spectrum of myoepithelioma, simply separating those tumors with ductal differentiation into the mixed tumor category.[10,11] Whereas some investigators allow up to 5% or 10% ductal differentiation in myoepitheliomas, others classify tumors with any ducts as mixed tumors. In any event, it is now widely thought that myoepitheliomas and mixed tumors fall along a spectrum of tumors with overlapping histologic appearances and similar clinical behavior. Because the immunophenotype of these lesions overlaps with myoepithelioma, and otherwise typical myoepithelioma s can show focal areas with â€Å"parachordoma†-like features, it is becoming increasingly clear that parachordoma probably falls within the spectrum of myoepithelioma of soft tissue, as is reflected in the new WHO classification.[11] The only apparent difference in immunophenotype is GFAP and SMA negativity in parachordomas, because few cases of parachordoma have been studied and only about 50% of otherwise convincing soft tissue myoepitheliomas are GFAP positive and only around 40% are SMA-positive, then this distinction seems very questionable. Awareness of the wide morphologic range of myoepitheliomas is necessary to perform confirmatory immunohistochemical stains and thereby to arrive at the correct diagnosis.[12] In salivary glands, myoepitheliomas are generally positive for cytokeratins and S-100 protein, whereas immunostaining for actin and GFAP is variable. We therefore required immunoreactivity for either keratin or EMA, in conjunction with detection of S-100 protei n or myogenic markers, for the diagnosis of myoepithelioma and inclusion in this series. Neoplastic myoepithelial cells of all morphologic types often expressed myogenic markers.[13] As has been reported in the salivary gland, we found calponin to be the most sensitive myogenic marker, staining 86% of tumors, whereas SMA stained 36% and desmin only a small subset (14%). Interestingly, the basal cell/myoepithelial marker p63, which has shown utility in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma of breast and prostate due to the staining of myoepithelial or basal cells in in situ lesions, appears to be detectable in only one fourth of soft tissue myoepithelial tumors. Immunostaining for p63 is not specific for myoepithelial tumors, however, as this antigen has also been reported in other neoplasms, especially squamous cell and urothelial carcinomas.[13,14] Nonetheless, detection of p63 expression may provide helpful supportive evidence of myoepithelial differentiation in the proper morph ologic context. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous myoepitheliomas are relatively rare. Pathologists play an important role in reaching to accurate morphological diagnosis. Myoepitheliomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous and soft tissue tumors. Immunohistochemical study may aid in the diagnosis. Although most cutaneous and soft tissue myoepitheliomas behave in a benign fashion, there is a significant risk for local recurrence and a low metastatic potential. Wide excision with safe surgical margins and regular follow-up are crucial for the management of cutaneous and soft tissue myoepitheliomas. References: 1. Hornick JL,Fletche CDM. Myoepithelial tumors of soft tissue a clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical study of 101 cases with evaluation of prognostic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:1183–1196. 2. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD. Cutaneous myoepithelioma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:14-24. 3. Kilpatrick SE, Hitchcock MG, Kraus MD, Calonje E, Fletcher CD. Mixed tumors and myoepitheliomas of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases with a unifying concept. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:13-22. 4. Mentzel T, Requena L, Kaddu S et al. Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases suggesting a continuous spectrum ranging from benign mixed tumor of the skin to cutaneous myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2003;30:294-302. 5. Fernà ¡ndez-Figueras MT, Puig L, Trias I, Lorenzo JC, Navas-Palacios JJ. Benign myoepithelioma of the skin. Am J Dermatopathol. 1998;20:208-12. 6. Lewin MR, Montgomery EA, Barrett TL. New or unusual dermatopathology tumors: a review. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38:689-96. 7. Kutzner H, Mentzel T, Kaddu S et al. Cutaneous myoepithelioma: an under-recognized cutaneous neoplasm composed of myoepithelial cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:348-55 8. Dix BT, Hentges MJ, Saltrick KR, Krishnamurti U. Cutaneous myoepithelioma in the foot: case report. Foot Ankle Spec. 2013;6:239-41. 9. Michal M, Miettinen M. Myoepitheliomas of the skin and soft tissues. Report of 12 cases. Virchows Arch. 1999;434:393-400. 10. Franklin G, Chen S, Sznyter LA, Morgenstern NJ. Cutaneous myoepithelioma with a plexiform pattern of growth: a case report. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:42-5. 11. Jo VY, Antonescu CR, Zhang L et al. Cutaneous Syncytial Myoepithelioma: Clinicopathologic Characterization in a Series of 38 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013 ; 37: 710–718. 12. Jakate K, Wong K, Sirbovan J, Hanna W. Cutaneous myoepithelioma arising within hidradenoma of the scalp. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39:279-85. 13. Stojsic Z, Brasanac D, Boricic I, Bacetic D. Clear cell myoepithelial carcinoma of the skin. A case report. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:680-3. 14. Tanahashi J, Kashima K, Daa T, Kondo Y, Kuratomi E, Yokoyama S. A case of cutaneous myoepithelial carcinoma. . J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34:648-53. LEGENDS Figure 1:Myoepithelioma(100X): composed of a mixed population of spindled, epithelioid, and plasmacytoid cells arranged around a central chondromyxoid stroma. Insert shows 400X view and reveals mild nuclear atypia (coarse chromatin and prominent nucleoli) . Figurer 2:Myoepithelioma(400X): (a)shows SMA positivity in the cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells.(b) shows strong positivity for Calponin in the cytoplasm of spindle cells.(c) shows PAN CK negativity(d) showsS100 negativity. Figure 3 :Myoepithelioma(400X): shows Low Ki 67 index.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teachers Es

My Philosophy of Teaching When we are children we aspire many goals and careers. Once we complete, our K-12 education, reality must set in. What are best attributes to a career? What would sastify us most? What is the single most defying career choice that is best for us? During the past year, I have gone from one major to the next and back again. It is definitely a stressful time in one’s life. The choices we make now will have a lasting effect on us. Education was my beginning major and yes, through every obstacle it is the major I have chosen. Teachers possess a difficult job because they inspire and create our future nation. I want to be a part of that I want to help a child achieve their short and long-term goals. When asked why I want to be a teacher I could name many things, but in essence the reason I want to be a teacher is because I love children. I love their innocence, the mischievous thoughts they have, and most of all their love and longing to learn. For me, as a teacher, it would be an honor to have some type of impact on a child’s life. Students characterize this career. There are many different levels and personalities that every person attributes to a classroom. These differences are what make our world work. If everyone were the same, monotony would exist. Each student has their own learning pattern, personality, and academic level therefore as a teacher, you must conform to each student for their best abilities are exhibited. In my classroom, I plan to know each of my students and what type of teacher I must be to meet all their educational needs. In this case, students will be more likely to exert their energy to work on what they need most. A teacher who can arouse a feeling for ... ...raduation I plan to attend the masters program at Radford University in Virginia. When I have completed this program I want to become a Reading Specialist. I have many plans and ideas on how to get children motivated to read. At some point, I may decide I want a doctorate in education, I would then continue to teach and also continue my education. West Virginia offers many benefits in its teacher union, so I’m sure I would like to join some type of union wherever I may be teaching. There are many counter jobs that go along with being a teacher. I have learned to respect all the teachers I have ever experienced, and I hope all my students will gain respect for me. I know I can be anything I want to be, but I also know my career is meant to be an educator. I want to be an effective teacher that brings forth the ambition to learn in each of my student’s lives.

Bsbmkg502b †establish and adjust the marketing mix Essay

Assessment Task 1 – Work Based Knowledge Test 1. What are the characteristics of the products and/or services in your business? Ans. I am working in . We are selling burgers as well as fries and soft drinks. But recently we start selling frozen coke and ice cream, which Mc d was selling and now we are making good money. 2. How do these products and/or services relate to the market they are in, and to the immediate competitors? Ans. We have many competitors in market but Mc d is our biggest competitors because they are selling same product what we are selling. 3. How would you determine the effect of pricing variables on demand? Ans. It is depend on main four factor place, price, product and promotions. 4. What promotional Methods and channels of distribution would you use to obtain the marketing outcomes established in your business? Ans. At the movement we are using electronic media more than paper media. Customers can use our iphone app and they will get something free. 5. Describe the channels of distribution that you would use to ensure greater market penetration? Explain how you would develop a pricing strategy for these products/services Ans. For greater market penetration, I shall not only market through the advertisement I will also take help from marketing agencies who can promote my business on a larger scale. 6. Explain how you would develop a pricing strategy for these products/services If product is sold at the lowest price regarding all my competitors, we practice competitive pricing. Sometimes, competitive pricing is essential. For instance, when the products are basically the same, we use this strategy The success of competitive pricing strategy depends on achieving high volume and low costs. If prices are lower than costs, we are going straight to bankruptcy! To avoid such a mistake, we take notice of the break even ratio. -Cost-plus-profit: It means that add the profit need to cost. It is also called cost-orientated strategy and is mainly used by the  big contractor of public works. The authority may have access to the costing data and should like to check if the profit added to the cost is not too high. In fact, this strategy is only good for a business who’s the customers is public collectivities or government agencies. -Value pricing: It means that base the prices on the value we deliver to customers. For example, when a new technology has a very large success, you can charge high prices to the customer. This practice is also called skimming. It is easy when you are in the introductory phase of the product life cycle. Value pricing is also common in luxury items. Sometimes, the higher the price, the more you sell. 7. Identify and analyse the level of customer service that you would pursue relevant to the products/services associated with your business. Ans. First of all, personal presentation, although not necessarily a key factor of customer service, is however critical. It is imperative that one is open and honest with the customers. It is therefore imperative that employees employed to promote the product are not paid on commission but rather at an hourly rate. This ensures more honesty and less pushiness, and less aggressive sales ‘tactics’. 8. Describe your target market in terms of demographic, psychographic, and behavioural variables. Ans. Psychographic / Behavioral variables– Psychographic variables refer to any attribute relating to personality, lifestyle, values, interests or attitudes. These factors consider various influences on a person’s buying behavior. Different lifestyle choices like parenting, exercise decisions, religion, marriage or health can greatly affect a person’s requirements or preferences for certain products or service. People have different lifestyle patterns and behavior could change as people pass through different stages in life. On the other hand, a consumer’s opinions, interests or hobbies will have a huge impact on the products or services they will choose to buy. Demographic – are the statistical characteristics of a population As the prices of our store products are comparable with other convenience stores, it is not a good idea to open a deli store in may lands. So from my point of view it would be  great to open a store near to bays water as there is no shop near to that place 9. Describe how each component of the marketing mix interrelates to the target market? Ans. Marketing mix is a mixture of 4 variables; product, price, place and promotion. These variables make up the core marketing strategy as they help to define the marketing environment in which they operate. Product: Focusing on meeting the customer’s needs. A good product makes its marketing by itself because it gives benefits to the customer. Design, packaging and the safety and the green a friendly product to environment gets an advantage among some segments. Price  The price should not be above or below the price of other retailers, as this would not suit the needs of the target market. Promotion Promotion strategies will be focused to the target market segment. Given the importance of word-of-mouth/referrals among the areas resident. We shall strive to service all our customers to gain their business regularly, which is the recipe for our long-term success. We shall focus on direct resident marketing, publicity, trial food demonstrations, and advertising as proposed. Place Channels of distribution include †¢ Distributing Pamphlets †¢ Build up stalls in big mall or outside of it †¢ Adding advertisement on local newspaper or channels †¢ Use of social sites (internet as well) 10. What environmental factors will affect the marketing mix in your business Ans. Environmental factors that can affect the marketing mix in any business include cultural factors, technological factors, demographic factors, government factors and economic factors. 11. How do customer priorities, needs, and preferences impact on your marketing mix components? Ans. The Target Market in which our store aims to sell to, is everyone The customer’s needs, priorities and preferences influence the marketing mix compentants such that price should not be more or less than the recommended retail price. Channels of distribution include stores such as word of mouth, Advertisement and also pamphlets and internet as well. Design what you consider is the most appropriate marketing mix to satisfy the target market and meets the marketing objectives? For appropriate marketing we need to consider four keys Product, promotion, price and place Product:- It is a tangible good or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Promotion: – represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. Price: – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. Place: –  Represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet   12. What do you consider is the most appropriate marketing mix to satisfy the target markets and meets the marketing objectives? Ans. Convenience stores are currently in the planning stage resources are limited. Currently we have received a $10000 grant from the government to get started. To ensure the marketing mix decisions meet the company’s strategic and operational objectives, I shall ensure the scarce resources are allocated as follows; Website Design $1500 Web- hosting $45.00 Other Web Costs $150.00 Stock including some Samples $20000 Business Cards $99 Shop Leasing Start-up Costs (Rent and Bond) $1150 13. Explain how you would monitor the marketing mix against marketing performance and isolate components for testing. Ans. As the marketing mix is comprised of 4 components, that is, price, promotion, place and product, to isolate each of these components for testing, that is, to test each component and its marketing particular performance, one must do simply that; isolate each component for testing. To isolate each component for testing, and monitor the marketing mix, for marketing performance, I should first establish or seek to research some benchmarks for sales. It would be easy to test the effectiveness of place, of product and of promotion, but to test price would be somewhat difficult if it were not for industry benchmarks that establish the sales benchmarks. 14. How would you evaluate the implication of altering one or more components of your marketing mix in relation to marketing factors and consumer response Ans. I evaluate that altering one or more component of the marketing mix in relation to factors or consumer response would be effective; however, I do feel that only the price component would need to be altered in response to consumers. I do feel that I have a solid marketing strategy. 15. Describe the process you would use to adjust the components of the marketing mix in response to test results and evaluation of market response. Ans. The process I would use, to adjust the components of the marketing mix, in response to test results and in response to the market response is as follows I would adjust the price to below recommended retail price and only in such a way as to reach sales benchmarks of my competitors and meet the prices of my competitors, as after all the majority of the profit is donated to worthy causes. 16. Explain how you would ensure that the adjusted marketing mix would meet budgetary requirements. Ans. If I were to adjust my price to meet the benchmarks and prices of my competitors I would like to assume there would  also be an increase in the number of sales. I am however aware this is merely an assumption. 17. What procedures would you use to ensure that the adjusted marketing mix continued to meet organisational, strategic and operational marketing objectives, and desired positioning? Ans. Procedures I would you use to ensure the adjusted marketing mix continued to meet organisational, strategic and operational marketing objectives, and desired positioning include; Adjusted price – I would need to continuously monitor sales and profit benchmarks and speak to an accountant in order to ensure that my business is still an effective profitable business.

Mr. Doe

* 1. Look over the scope statement (PE Figure 4-1). If you were an employee at Petrie’s Electronics, would you want to work on this project? Why or why not? The project scope statement is to describe a high level overview of the project size, duration, and outcomes as a summary of the baseline project plan (BPP) information. A project scope statement and a baseline project plan are created during project initiation and planning * 2. If you were part of the management team at Petrie’s Electronics, would you approve the project outlined in the scope statement in PE Figure 4-1?What changes, if any, need to be made to the document? * 3. Identify a preliminary set of tangible and intangible costs you think would occur for this project and the system it describes. What intangible benefits do you anticipate for the system? Cost Benefit Analysis Spreadsheet Alternative C Chapter 5 Electronics Case * 1. What do you think are the sources of the information Jim and his team collec ted? How do you think they collected all of that information? * 3. If you were looking for alternative approaches for Petrie’s customer loyalty program, where would you look for information?Where would you start? How would you know when you were done? * 5. Why shouldn’t Petrie’s staff build their own unique system in-house? Chapter 6 Electronics Case * 1. Are the DFDs in PE Figures 6-1 and 6-2 balanced? Show that they are, or are not. If they are not balanced, how can they be fixed? * 5. Why is it important for the team to create DFDs if they are not going to write the actual system code themselves? Chapter 7 Electronics Case * 2. Again, review the DFDs you developed for the Petrie’s Electronics case (or those given to you by your instructor).Use these DFDs to identify the attributes of each of the six entities listed in this case plus any additional entities identified in your answer to Question 1. Write an unambiguous definition for each attribute. Then , redraw PE Figure 7-1 by placing the six (and additional) entities in this case on the diagram along with their associated attributes. * 3. Using your answer to Question 2, designate which attribute or attributes form the identifier for each entity type. Explain why you chose each identifier. * 4.Using your answer to Question 3, draw the relationships between entity types needed by the system. Remember, a relationship is needed only if the system wants data about associated entity instances. Give a meaningful name to each relationship. Specify cardinalities for each relationship and explain how you decided on each minimum and maximum cardinality at each end of each relationship. State any assumptions you made if the Petrie’s Electronics cases you have read so far and the answers to questions in these cases do not provide the evidence to justify the cardinalities you choose.Redraw your final E-R diagram in Microsoft Visio. Chapter 8 Electronics Case * 1. In the questions asso ciated with the Petrie’s Electronics case at the end of Chapter 7, you were asked to modify the E-R diagram given in PE Figure 7-1 to include any other entities and the attributes you identified from the Petrie’s case. Review your answers to these questions, and add any additional needed relations to the document in PE Figure 9-1. * 5. Complete all table and field definitions for the Petrie’s Electronics case database using Microsoft Access.Besides the decisions you have made in answers to the preceding questions, fill in all other field definition parameters for each field of each table. Chapter 10 Electronics Case * 1. Why don’t information systems projects work out as planned? What causes the differences between the plan and reality? * 5. Information systems development projects are said to fail if they are late, go over budget, or do not contain all of the functionality they were designed to have. Is the customer loyalty program a failure? Justify you r answer. If not, how can failure be prevented? Is it important to avert failure? Why or why not? Use Case Diagram (CRM)

Free Essays on Gandhis Philosophy

â€Å"Life is not fair; deal with it† is spoken by parents and guardians within every society and creates a foundation to live by society’s rules and regulations, without following the values and morals of the individual. However, there are those who o not follows society's mold and struggle against everything for what they believe in. .Men like Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mohandas Gandhi have led the way for to show everyone how to express there opinions in a non-violent manner to express their misgivings of society in hopes for change. All three stood up against society in their own civil disobedience paid the price for their actions and their viewpoint was heard and understood by other citizens within the society. Although each followed the same foundation for change, their struggles were for different reasons and acquired different results. Society has often denied individuals their rights, but there are always those who fight against it. Thoreau stood up for his beliefs by not paying taxes due to his objection of the taxation being used towards the Mexican War and enforcement of slavery laws. He felt that he had a right to object to the government using his money for things that he did not want to finance; he felt he had a right to protest in acts of civil disobedience. He went on to go to jail for his choice, choosing to remain non-violent. However he realized that his disobedience would not be recognized without publicity, and without publicity his point would not get across his actions would only be that of a criminal. He refused for anyone else to pay his taxes and would rather stay in jail than pay them, he showed that his actions were justified in his means; he displayed protest, which in turn represents his actions as civil disobedience. Since he wanted to make a change in the laws of the government, he was wil ling to stay in jail in protest in an attempt to make the government to reconsider the law, ... Free Essays on Gandhi's Philosophy Free Essays on Gandhi's Philosophy â€Å"Life is not fair; deal with it† is spoken by parents and guardians within every society and creates a foundation to live by society’s rules and regulations, without following the values and morals of the individual. However, there are those who o not follows society's mold and struggle against everything for what they believe in. .Men like Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mohandas Gandhi have led the way for to show everyone how to express there opinions in a non-violent manner to express their misgivings of society in hopes for change. All three stood up against society in their own civil disobedience paid the price for their actions and their viewpoint was heard and understood by other citizens within the society. Although each followed the same foundation for change, their struggles were for different reasons and acquired different results. Society has often denied individuals their rights, but there are always those who fight against it. Thoreau stood up for his beliefs by not paying taxes due to his objection of the taxation being used towards the Mexican War and enforcement of slavery laws. He felt that he had a right to object to the government using his money for things that he did not want to finance; he felt he had a right to protest in acts of civil disobedience. He went on to go to jail for his choice, choosing to remain non-violent. However he realized that his disobedience would not be recognized without publicity, and without publicity his point would not get across his actions would only be that of a criminal. He refused for anyone else to pay his taxes and would rather stay in jail than pay them, he showed that his actions were justified in his means; he displayed protest, which in turn represents his actions as civil disobedience. Since he wanted to make a change in the laws of the government, he was wil ling to stay in jail in protest in an attempt to make the government to reconsider the law, ...

Charlotte Perkins Gilman vs. the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper

Charlotte Perkins Gilman vs. the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper "The Yellow Wallpaper", a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical "rest cure" prescribed during that era and the narrator's reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth of her daughter Katherine. The rest cure that the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" describes is very close to what Gilman herself experienced; therefore, the story can be read as reflecting the feelings of women like herself who suffered through such treatments. Because of her experience with the rest cure, it can even be said that Gilman based the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" loosely on herself.English: Signature of American writer Charlotte Pe...Throughout the plot of "The Yellow Wa llpaper" there are many instances that show that the narrator was based upon Charlotte Perkins Gilman views on her own life.The two common themes that connect Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the narrator in her story are postpartum depression and entrapment within their roles as women in the late 1800s society. After fulfilling their expected duties as wife and mother, both Gilman and the narrator become depressed after the birth of their child. It is this depression that leads them to the infamous rest cure so widely prescribed during the late 1800's. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her essay on "The Yellow Wallpaper" describes Dr. Mitchell'streatment of the typical female seeking his world famous rest cure. Wagner-Martin states that the rest cure "depended upon seclusion, massage, immobility, and overfeeding; . . .[it] had at its...

A noiseless patient spider

A noiseless patient spider Group A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the time period between 1860 and 1880, war was commonplace and it hit home for most Americans; Walt Whitman was no exception. His brother being wounded contributed to his extended stay in Washington as a nurse. This socio-cultural turmoil is reflected frequently in Whitman’s poetry. For example, in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider†, Whitman expresses feelings of isolation and loneliness writing, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on a little promontory it stood isolated, / Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surroundingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt clearly conveys a sense of aloneness and longing for companionship, much like Whitman probably experienced in the time period in which he lived. While the cultural upheavals of pandemonium, pride, and war swallowed most of the Americas, Whitman was caught in his own war, on the inside. Whitman longed for connectivity and wholeness in the world. Whitman’s writing also expressed his inne r desire to reach out to the world and find a connection, evident in line four of â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† which reads, â€Å"It launch’d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This line is significant to the socio-cultural state of the late-nineteenth century society because the spider, and vicariously Whitman, is attempting to reach out to the world for companionship but receiving no response, which represents the apathy of nineteenth-century people. It was more convenient to just blindly participate in a death-plagued war than to progress socially and spiritually. This is where the conflict between culture and nature begins. Nature is the interaction between Whitman and the universe, which is apparently void at this point. Culture is the cities and the masses of people as in â€Å"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry† which reads in the third line, â€Å"Crowds of men and women attired in the usual costumes, how curious you are to me!† Whitman is looking down at these people, this mass of people, and realizes he has the answers to fix the war society is struggling with; It is peace and harmony in the world through the interconnectivity of the universe. Whitman is stuck, reaching out at the world, and instead he receives the cold shoulder from the stubborn world. This is why it is so generally accepted that he was a â€Å"genius† (10) that was ahead of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson seemed to be quite an introvert, and quite a loner, yet found such great talent and ease in expressing the feelings and emotions that were prominent in her life. In â€Å"Success is counted sweetest†, Dickinson expresses feelings of jealousy and sadness that accompany being some sort of a loser. The vivid imagery she conveys through the dying soldier â€Å"whose forbidden ear† hears the â€Å"distant strains of triumph† is an awesome expression of the anguish and sorrow that is n ecessary to know the sweetness of victory and success that Emily apparently desires in life. In â€Å"The Soul selects her own Society†, Dickinson’s use of concise speech seems to highlight the abrupt shutting of â€Å"the Door† by the soul. Dickinson personifies the soul as sitting on a throne above Emperors and â€Å"Chariots†. She believes the soul is the true king of the land and it should be worshiped as the divine medium. This poem connects back to â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† because after the soul makes its selection, all others are closed out, and denied the taste of victory and success. In â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes† Dickinson portrays a death as something that slows down time and numbs a person spiritually. â€Å"First-Chill-then Stupor-then the letting go-â€Å"; the poem ends with several dashes depicting this time-altering state of shock that pain and death cause in the heart of those who experience it. Finally, in â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz-when I died†, Dickinson writes, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Signed away / what portion of me be / Assignable-and then it was / There-interposed a Flyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt expresses Dickinson’s frustration over the pettiness of people coming to claim their stake in someone’s life and keepsakes when they die, and if death is not unfortunate enough, a fly buzzes in front of the narrator’s eyes so that he/she cannot even experience the moment of death peacefully. This ironic ending to the life of this individual symbolizes Dickinson’s frustration with life in general.

Critically discuss the reasons why organisations outsource IT Essay

Critically discuss the reasons why organisations outsource IT - Essay Example This is followed by a critical analysis of the main issues that organizations need to address when managing relationships with their IT outsourcing partners. Organizations base their IT outsourcing decisions on a number of factors; however, the most common reason for outsourcing IT functions to a professional IT vendor is that it enables organizations to focus on their core area of expertise. Heikkila and Cordon (2002) have identified this and other reasons behind organizations’ decision to outsource IT. For instance, outsourcing the IT function frees up the limited capital of small and medium-sized organizations to invest in core competence areas. Firms that do not have skilled IT professionals can benefit from the expertise offered by outsourcing service providers. Despite rigorous analysis of all these factors and effective decision making by the organization, the outcome of the outsourcing arrangement depends largely on how the decision is implemented. Therefore, it is important that the implications of each step in the implementation process are identified and contingencies are provided for in advance to realize the intended benefits of IT outsourcing. Organizations may also be motivated to outsource their IT function because of the value it may add to the performance of some of their core functions. Such organizations may have a critical value for IT but may not possess the skills and resources to extract that kind of value from their IT assets. Davis and Golicic (2010) explain how information systems play a crucial role in the supply chain relationship of some organizations. By making information about market needs and stock levels to partners throughout the supply chain, information systems enable organizations to manage their distribution and transport systems more efficiently. Demand levels can be met more accurately and develop a market orientation. Sundaram, Schwarz and Jones (2007) discuss the motivation underlying organizations’ decision to

Child Protective Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child Protective Services - Essay Example Arguments from both parties will then help the reader reach a conclusion; of their own. Going through a brief history of the CPS, in 1655 the first criminal case was brought up against child abuse in the courts of what is now the United States of America. In 1825, states made laws to protect the rights of children and granting the authority to several agencies to remove children from the custody of parents and guardians who were proved unfit to perform the parental duties (Thomas, 295). By 1974, 49 U.S States had passed the law; hence â€Å"Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act† (CAPTA) was passed by the federal government (Pecora et al, 232). This act established CPS which started functioning by 1974. Thesis CPS is an important part of the present society; it should be made a affirm agency with law enforcement agencies on its call so it is a powerful force against those who embark upon the future of our future generation. A lot of hue and cry has been raised against the CP S and its services but every establishment has its own defects, so does the CPS. As the amount f cases per year registered increases every year, more work has to be put in to secure our future. Basic argument is about the downsizing of the program due to its inefficiency to tackle the modern problems. However, the ball is in the government’s court, to effectively finance the program so no child goes unattended as the worker to case ratio is going out of hand. Support Many people in the social service setups have been calling out for betterment in the current system. Abuse and neglect in children is still prevalent; the system has loopholes through which parents and foster care givers are benefitting, covering their deeds by the noble act of performing their responsibility, key word being ‘act’. Every coin has two faces; both are different, almost opposites. American sentiment toward residential placement for troubled youths is increasingly troubled, passive and e ven aggressive. Even then, many families are too weak to keep their youth unharmed. Foster families are not available for as many as 840,000 children who will require placement by 1995. The most empirically supported criticism of residential placement is its limited positive influence on post placement problems such as delinquency (Pecora et al., 1992). Children are living on roadsides as their parents are to poor or drunk to even know their own self, let alone take care of their offspring. Also, child abuse is an issue which will have disastrous effects on the upcoming generations. CPS comes as the only ray of hope. They take these distressed children under their care and place them with caring, willing families; who have taken the pledge to help the society. In this criminal world, child molesters and drug addicted parents are a big threat to the safety of children. CPS is the right organization to counter these threats. Some extreme steps have to be taken in order to make CPS a r eckoning force like the IRS. Opposition Child Protective Services also has some basic errors. There is huge cry from many quarters of the society that this service should be suspended. If the next generation has to be protected in their homes, this system has to transform radically. The main issue is the anti-family mindset of the CPS. Foster placement should be the last option for the CPS, not the first one. With improper check and balance in the system, the system that was

Bdm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bdm - Essay Example 8.56135 7.77005 Inter-quartile range (IQR): The median happens to be in the middle of the sorted data. Similarly the first quartile can be defined as 1/4 of the way through the sorted data, and the third quartile to be 3/4 of the way through the sorted data. Second quartile is also known as the median. The range between the first and third quartiles includes half of the data. The size of the range (i.e., the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile) is another measurement of variability called the inter-quartile range or IQR. For normally distributed data: IQR = 1.35 From the above calculations it appears the reorganization exercise has not been a grand success. Though it appears to have tightened some loose ends but still the average output remains the same. Task-3: Table-2: Annual record of sales revenue & advertising expenditure for SarnesCo (000's) Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sales Revenue 100 130 160 175 180 190 190 180 220 250 255 260 Advertising expenditure 10 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 3 period moving averages for sales A3 = (160+130+100)/3 = 390/3 = 130 A4 = (175+160+130)/3 = 465/3 = 155 A5 = (180+175+160)/3 = 515/3 = 171.67 A6 = (190+180+175)/3 = 545/3 = 181.67 A7 = (190+190+180)/3 = 560/3 = 186.67 A8 = (180+190+190)/3 = 560/3 = 186.67 A9 = (220+180+190)/3 = 590/3 = 196.67 A10 = (250+220+180)/3 = 650/3 = 216.67 A11 = (255+250+220)/3 = 725/3 = 241.67 A12 = (260+255+250)/3 = 765/3 = 255 4 period moving averages for sales (it can be calculated similarly as above) A4 = Task-4: Task- 5: Business Presentation Material for the presentation SarnesCo, the manufacturer of machinery for the textile industry, wants to improve its assembly line SarnesCo appoints consultant, who in turn study the assembly...The range between the first and third quartiles includes half of the data. The size of the range (i.e., the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile) is another measurement of variability called the inter-quartile range or IQR. For normally distributed data: Taking a look at the mean, median figures of the production efficiency 'before' and 'after' the implementation of these steps, it is quite apparent that the consultants have not been able to improve the assembly line as much as desired by the company.

Innovative Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Innovative Behavior - Essay Example There will however be a gap between organizations intention or desire to be innovative and their actual behavior in being so. There may be difference in the extent and content of innovative behavior. This will be true of organizations big or small, but the question arises whether size of an organization has a correlation with innovative behavior of organizations. What are the circumstances in which forms of different sizes may differ in their innovative behaviour This paper attempts to answer these questions. The word innovation means a combination of two activities in an organisation, the process of generation of ideas through a creative process and the manner in which the successful commercialization of a selected idea as a successful product or service. In case of a process innovation it will mean the offering of a differentiated product in the market through successful use of the new innovative process innovation. Innovations are generally of two types, the radical innovation and incremental innovation, which basically are used to denote the degree of novelty. Schumpeter describes two types of innovations that occur in a capital economy. One is in which the major source of innovation is in small industries which are operating in a highly competitive market. The innovative behavior is driven by the visionary entrepreneur. ... klik (2003, p 3) suggests that both are likely to occur in the economy at the same time in different industries, depending on the level of maturity of the industry. In an industry that is new, innovation driven by entrepreneurs in small firms will be more predominant. Later as the industry matures the innovation behavior of large firms will be predominant. Trott ( 2002, p 18) describes 5 different types of innovation models to explain how innovation in firms occur. Broadly they are classified as linear and interactive models. In the linear model typically innovation is technology lead. Innovation occurs because of new opportunities thrown up by new technologies (technology pull). The second occurs based on the demands from the market. (market pull). The third described is one where innovation occurs because of both, a market pull and technology pull. The fourth recognizes the importance of linkages between technology, market, and customer needs. The final model described, the network model, is the one which fully takes into account the complete eco system under which innovation occurs. It takes into account external inputs like new technology development, competitors, research from academic institutions and research organizations, supply chain partners and customers, as well as the internal organizational functions and their behavior. These are the main factors to be considered if innovation is to be successfully managed. Interactions of functions within organization like marketing, R&D and finance, is important, but interaction of these functions and organizations with external environment is also important. At the management level company may be discussing strategic alliance with another company for developing innovative products; marketing will have to be

Comparative Cybercrime Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Comparative Cybercrime Laws - Research Paper Example To start with, the "global village" or the increased globalization of world trade, involving the need to engage in commerce with nations with unfamiliar legal systems. For another thing, the codification of multilateral associations like the European Union, the African Union, or the Arab League has demanded harmonization of laws of their member states. Moreover, there are publications and Internet resources that assemble legal materials from several jurisdictions, without necessarily undertaking comparisons, but they can be seen as "tools of the trade" for comparative lawyers (Norman 2006). Over the last 100 years, comparative law has emancipated into several distinct branches such as comparative criminal law, comparative tax laws, comparative civil law, comparative administrative law, comparative trade laws, comparative commercial law, comparative cyber laws, Comparative Intellectual Property Law, comparative constitutional law, and comparative constitutional law. According to the prevalent view, Montesquieu is regarded as the 'father' of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter III of Book I of his masterpiece, De l'esprit des lois: They should be in relation to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to its situation and extent, to the principal occupation of the natives, whether husbandmen, huntsmen, or shepherds: they should have relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear; to the religion of the inhabitants, to their inclinations, riches, numbers, commerce, manners, and customs." Also, in Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, he advises that 'to determine which of those systems [i.e. the French and English systems for the punishment of false witnesses] is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them in their entirety.' Yet another excerpt where Montesquieu's comparative approach is evident is the following one from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX: 'As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political law.' Applicability of the Comparative Concepts The applicability of comparative concepts is still an open question posed to the discipline of comparative law. Comparative concepts are concepts that are applied in micro-comparative research. They provide with criteria on the basis of which the rules of different legal systems may be compared.

Bdm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bdm - Essay Example 8.56135 7.77005 Inter-quartile range (IQR): The median happens to be in the middle of the sorted data. Similarly the first quartile can be defined as 1/4 of the way through the sorted data, and the third quartile to be 3/4 of the way through the sorted data. Second quartile is also known as the median. The range between the first and third quartiles includes half of the data. The size of the range (i.e., the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile) is another measurement of variability called the inter-quartile range or IQR. For normally distributed data: IQR = 1.35 From the above calculations it appears the reorganization exercise has not been a grand success. Though it appears to have tightened some loose ends but still the average output remains the same. Task-3: Table-2: Annual record of sales revenue & advertising expenditure for SarnesCo (000's) Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sales Revenue 100 130 160 175 180 190 190 180 220 250 255 260 Advertising expenditure 10 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 3 period moving averages for sales A3 = (160+130+100)/3 = 390/3 = 130 A4 = (175+160+130)/3 = 465/3 = 155 A5 = (180+175+160)/3 = 515/3 = 171.67 A6 = (190+180+175)/3 = 545/3 = 181.67 A7 = (190+190+180)/3 = 560/3 = 186.67 A8 = (180+190+190)/3 = 560/3 = 186.67 A9 = (220+180+190)/3 = 590/3 = 196.67 A10 = (250+220+180)/3 = 650/3 = 216.67 A11 = (255+250+220)/3 = 725/3 = 241.67 A12 = (260+255+250)/3 = 765/3 = 255 4 period moving averages for sales (it can be calculated similarly as above) A4 = Task-4: Task- 5: Business Presentation Material for the presentation SarnesCo, the manufacturer of machinery for the textile industry, wants to improve its assembly line SarnesCo appoints consultant, who in turn study the assembly...The range between the first and third quartiles includes half of the data. The size of the range (i.e., the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile) is another measurement of variability called the inter-quartile range or IQR. For normally distributed data: Taking a look at the mean, median figures of the production efficiency 'before' and 'after' the implementation of these steps, it is quite apparent that the consultants have not been able to improve the assembly line as much as desired by the company.

Comparative Cybercrime Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Comparative Cybercrime Laws - Research Paper Example To start with, the "global village" or the increased globalization of world trade, involving the need to engage in commerce with nations with unfamiliar legal systems. For another thing, the codification of multilateral associations like the European Union, the African Union, or the Arab League has demanded harmonization of laws of their member states. Moreover, there are publications and Internet resources that assemble legal materials from several jurisdictions, without necessarily undertaking comparisons, but they can be seen as "tools of the trade" for comparative lawyers (Norman 2006). Over the last 100 years, comparative law has emancipated into several distinct branches such as comparative criminal law, comparative tax laws, comparative civil law, comparative administrative law, comparative trade laws, comparative commercial law, comparative cyber laws, Comparative Intellectual Property Law, comparative constitutional law, and comparative constitutional law. According to the prevalent view, Montesquieu is regarded as the 'father' of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter III of Book I of his masterpiece, De l'esprit des lois: They should be in relation to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to its situation and extent, to the principal occupation of the natives, whether husbandmen, huntsmen, or shepherds: they should have relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear; to the religion of the inhabitants, to their inclinations, riches, numbers, commerce, manners, and customs." Also, in Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, he advises that 'to determine which of those systems [i.e. the French and English systems for the punishment of false witnesses] is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them in their entirety.' Yet another excerpt where Montesquieu's comparative approach is evident is the following one from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX: 'As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political law.' Applicability of the Comparative Concepts The applicability of comparative concepts is still an open question posed to the discipline of comparative law. Comparative concepts are concepts that are applied in micro-comparative research. They provide with criteria on the basis of which the rules of different legal systems may be compared.

Learning objectives of the student Essay Example for Free

Learning objectives of the student Essay By the end of the grant period, the learners should be able to: †¢ Internalize the basic definitions of concepts which will be met during the study. †¢ Use the various methods of measuring techniques to find measurements of simple lengths. †¢ Use the measurement tools effectively in class and outside the classroom. †¢ Demonstrate on the board on the use of the various tools in measuring. †¢ Apply the knowledge learned in class in real life situation i. e. giving the students a challenging life application question and finding out if they can get the answers correctly. Method of Instruction: Teacher may adopt the instruction led method to disseminate information to the learners by use of segments of information and presenting the idea systematically. Teacher can adopt use of the demonstration method where the learner follows in detail how a particular procedure or technique is being followed. The lecture method is also a common instructional method which can be used by the teacher. This involves the teacher gives monologue information without getting responses from the learners. The teacher can use the coaching instruction for the learner. This refers to a detailed step in which the learner is taken through so that he can grasp the concept. The students can also be left on their own to practice what has been learned in class, thus the practice method is another instructional method to be used in the classroom. Reference: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Retrieved o

Importance of Population Control

Importance of Population Control Population control is a way in which the rate of population growth is changed, which has been made possible by limiting birth rates. Initially, population development has genuine impacts on the environment. As we all know we expend materials and vitality from earth and after that return high temperature and squanders to earth. It is just coherent to say that there is a breaking point at which these squanders can go to our planet without having a genuine impact on people. All things considered, because of the way that population development aggravates every one of those terrible circumstances, and the control of population thickness can purchase us some time to control whatever remains of the issues, one need to prescribe the control of population explosion. As the human numbers increment, weakening of water quality and annihilation of animal and plant groups expand as well. Water pollution has been mostly brought about by population development. People devoured, put away and redirected water and utilized it to divert squanders without respect to wellbeing or ecological results, which were viewed as insignificant (Turner II, 1990). These human movements in addition to population development and the need has thus the weakening of water quality in streams, with impacts by human activities and advancement on or near them. As said at one time animal and plant species are at risk because of population blast. The genuine impacts of population development apply even to the secured areas of this planet. Indeed, in the USA, that has a measurable low population, extension, the regular parks encounter a misfortune of animal groups and territory corruption because of monstrous amounts of individuals and their activities. Be that as it may fast development of human numbers does not have impacts just on the environment by and large additionally causes overexploitation of characteristic resources and gives weight on food supplies. Therefore, it wont be long until we watch a momentary decrease in our living measures, or as it were a decrease in our personal satisfaction. On the off chance that everybody on the planet today might embrace a North American lifestyle, natural resources would rapidly vanish. Fortunately most countries are still cautious. They will need to remain so while enhancing their expectation for everyday comforts. It will be important that others in rich countries check their utilization and squanders. Our survival relies on upon population control and additionally a finer administration of natural resources. Being constrained in amount, natural resources need to be overseen as needs be. Another administration of the planets resources must be arranged. Notwithstanding the population increment, famines have gotten less continuous in the previous two hundred years, because of incredible farming yields, and global economy. In the last few years a few African nations have been influenced by famine. The reasons were all because of political issues, including common wars, that disorder the economy, deaden transportation, and avert crisis food drops to achieve their objective. Famine is no longer due to a global food shortage. Another illustration is oil. Forecasts of the world utilizing up all its oil have been around for no less than 70 years. They arrived at their crest in the 1970s with the oil emergency brought on by the Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries endeavor to raise oil costs by voluntarily constraining supply. As the value climbs, in any case, the amount requested by purchasers diminishes. As the cost of gasoline increments, for instance, shoppers will have a tendency to buy more fuel proficient vehicles or discover cars which utilize fuel sources not subject to oil. This does not require any incredible jump in engineering; there are now various options to oil which might get to be monetarily attainable if the cost of oil ever hopped fundamentally. Natural gas, for instance, is liable to trade oil as the primary wellspring of vitality for whats to come at some point in the one century from now. Particularly land, forest and water is a portion of the fundamental resources that are debilitated by development of population thickness. Since population development has extended significantly throughout the most recent 500 years, as bigger amounts of individuals required more food supplies and items from common resources and agricultural exercises, more individuals involved bigger land spaces in huge urban regions. Population development in todays reality, hence, assumes an indispensable part to changes in the land. Developing need for food supplies and wares helped the development of croplands everywhere throughout the world and to the utilization of regular resources. Work strengths, which were accessible, come about to land-clearing, modification and misfortune of the lands quality. All inclusive, population development is primarily answerable for land weights. Forests -one of the best characteristic resources- have additionally encountered significant harm because of huge population development. As an aftereffect of the quick human fruitfulness, forests have been changed either into agricultural lands or into open zones in which towns and urban areas now exist so as to manage the alleged urban population. Likewise in numerous nations of the creating scene, population numbers additionally multiplied between 1950 and 1980. Consequently, weights on the forest have been expanded as they turn into one of the last sources of new land for the development of arable and pasture, for fuel wood for warming and cooking and actually for industry, and as a wellspring of hard cash from sending out logs and wood chips. Separated from land and forest population development has connected weight with resources of water. Population development has thus the diminishing of new water resources; people apply weight on water amount through water needs for survival , cleanliness and farming. All developing countries have moderate developing populations. It is the countries with quick population development that are experiencing fast environmental progressions and issues. Numerous individuals accept that we are headed straight into a world population emergency. The population development in Third World Countries is getting to be harder to control. Most quickly developing countries have populations excessively expand to control. These countries experience fast, ecological changes by devouring their regular resources and financial resources, speedier than they could be processed. This can prompt expanding demise rates from starvation and the settling for what is the most convenient option. These quickly developing countries that have high populations might in the long run for all time decrease the convey limit of their country. There are numerous reasons why population development has abated now and again and climbs on occasion. Case in point, in countries where the majorit y of the women are uneducated, there is restricted access to wellbeing administrations and not many individuals are financially secure, populations have a tendency to be higher. A significant number of these countries have poor standards of living, which prompts the spread of infection, starvation, poor sanitation and terrible ecological and environmental conditions. Others components incorporate absence of family planning, absence of training and the absence of information about birth control. The point when population moderates, numerous offer credit for elements of population control. Most governments around the world have laws intended to moderate population development. The legislatures that have the resources to implement these laws have been successful in moderating population development. There are numerous gatherings and associations in America that help creating countries, by supporting and teaching individuals in family planning and birth control. An alternate system for population control that is dubious, however, energized in numerous countries is male and female sterilization. Late inquiries and remarks concerning human rights and admiration for individuals have come up. Issues emerge when mistaken data are given about sterilization and its outcomes to individuals in third world countries that are not taught enough to know the contr ast. This manifestation of birth control takes away all obligation from multiplication. Today, regardless of its discussion, abortion is constantly recommended more as a strategy for population control. The most prevalent technique for abortion being pushed today is a chemical substance called Anti-Pregnancies. These incorporate immunizations and infusions, for example, Depo-Provera, Noristerat, Oestro-progesterone or most normally known as RU486. The point when taking a gander at those countries that have restricted access to birth control or no information about present day types of birth control, and those countries that do hone population control, we see more instances of infanticide. In spite of the fact that this is still drilled in some third world countries, infanticide is all the more ordinarily polished when a female child is conceived. Recognizing all the above data and presentation of proof, we must comprehend that fast population development is surely an immense danger to our lives and our planet. We must be educated and we must make legitimate move. Trough legitimate instruction, family planning, nation strategies and backing of logical examination population thickness might be effectively controlled and our future will appear to be more prosperous. Turner II, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Meyer, W. B., Dow, K. M., Golding, D., Kasperson, J. X. Ratick, S. J. (1990). Two types of global environmental change: definitional and spatial-scale issues in their human dimensions.Global Environmental Change,1(1), 14-22. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/095937809090004S Illumination of a few issues in the human sizes of global environmental change is key to the formation of an adjusted research motivation. Global environmental change incorporates both systemic changes that work globally through the significant frameworks of the geosphere-biosphere, and combined changes that speak to the global aggregation of limited progressions. An understanding of the human sizes of progress obliges consideration regarding both sorts through research that incorporates discoveries from spatial scales running from the global to the nearby. A local or meso-scale center speaks to an especially guaranteeing boulevard of methodology.

The Nature of Good and Evil in Stevensons The Strange case of Dr Jekyl

The Nature of Good and Evil in Stevenson's The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Introduction: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the story of a gifted doctor who discovers a drug which can release the evil side of one's nature. This drug changes Dr Jekyll into Mr Hyde. Stevenson does not reveal the details of Jekyll's story until the end of the novel, but presents the tale as mystery, in which the main characters try to figure out the identity of Mr Hyde and understand his strange relationship with Dr Jekyll. This story follows the gothic genre and below I will explain some gothic features that are used in this story This story follows 'The Faust Motif'. This is The use of a monster (Mr Hyde) Due to the fact that he looks abnormal, disabled and is ugly people feel uncomfortable around him and scared to stand anywhere near him. Another feature would be that Dr Jekyll has a second self or in other words an alternate identity being Mr Hyde. This book uses multiple narratives. This is when the story is told through many different perspectives so that the reader can make up his own mind about what the story is actually about. This story we first hear through the perspective of Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield as they try to discover the relationship between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Then as the story progresses we hear Mr Hyde's story and towards the end we hear Dr Jekyll' story. I think that Stevenson was trying to show that good and evil cannot be changed or intervened with using the aid of science. He gets his point across when we find out how Dr Jekyll ends up suffering and leading to his own downfall by trying to get rid of hi... ...t they have seen, experienced and had evidence of rather than talking about what they have heard Conclusion In this essay I have gone through the main points of the story. From the beginning where Mr Hyde tramples the young girl and Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield decide to track Mr Hyde. Then I carried on by going onto how the doors of houses and other places can symbolise what is behind them and what type of person uses them. After that I analysed Mr Hyde in depth and discussed his actions. Including when he trampled the young girl and paid her family money to avoid any sort of trouble. Then he brutally murdered Sir Danvers Carew, even though from the maids perspective it seemed as if they were friends. Then I commented on the use of multiple narratives and the relationship between the narrators.

Freedom of Speech and Expression and Responsibility -- Argumentative P

Freedom of Speech and Responsibility       No matter how fervently someone believes in the justice of his cause, suppression of the free exchange of ideas is failure at best or downright wrong. The power or might behind an idea does not make the idea right. Many powerful people throughout history have been wrong. Few people, if any, would judge "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" to be subversive or wrong. In 1939 Ambassador Kennedy was so caught up in the fears of the times that he was willing to use the power of his money to protect the world against a film. When people are caught up in the movements of their time, all people must be extra zealous to guard and encourage freedom of expression. Otherwise, a mob mentality reigns, and people rush to do things that are not thought out and often regretted later.    The founders of our country knew from experience how important free expression of ideas is. Many of them, along with popular demand, insisted that the Constitution immediately be amended by the Bill of Rights. The first article of the Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of expression:    Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.    Without freedom of expression, no people are truly free. Sometimes a person will hide repression by telling people under his authority that they are free to believe anything they want--they just can't voice their beliefs. They are free to think anything, but aren't allowed to say what is on their minds.    What are some examples of this men... ...19. "House Passes Free Speech Exception."   7 Feb. 1998.   <http://www.scimitar.com/revolution/express/flag.html>   (17 March 1998). LaMarche Gara.   "Hate Speech Should Not Be Outlawed."   Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed.   Charles P. Cozic.   San Diego:   Greenhaven Press, 1994.   90-95. Otto, Jean.   "Freedom of Expression Should Not Be Restricted."   Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed.   Charles P. Cozic.   San Diego:   Greenhaven Press, 1994.   79-84. Rupke, Roxanne.   "Zeeland students to recommend T-shirt rules."   Herald Sentinel.   25 March 1998:   A1, A5. Showers, Robert H.   "Pornography Sould Be Prohibited."   Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed.   Charles P. Cozic.   San Diego:   Greenhaven Press, 1994.   96-102. "T-shirt ban: Pepsi shirt gets him in trouble on Coke Day at Greenbrier High."   Herald Sentinel.   26 March 1998:   A1.

English Importance in the Next Few Years

The topic under discussion is that â€Å"compare the importance of English to the other major languages of the world and then tell whether it will be able to sustain its superiority in the next hundred years†. I am for the topic. A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes and thus makes humans different from other living beings. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse. The importance of English as a spoken language began as a result of the colonial era, when European powers took to the seas in order to find new lands and natural resources. The effects of that time can still be felt in the number of English speakers in India, select parts of Asia and Africa, and North America. The influence of English grew stronger in the 20th century, with the increased mobility of populations, the growth of the United States as an economic power, and the presence of international media in everyday life. As of 2010 there are fewer native speakers of English than Chinese, though English is spoken in more places, and more people speak English as a second language. The importance of English in business comes from its use as a lingua franca, or a means of communication between speakers of two different languages. Many of the world's top languages function this way, including French, Russian and Arabic, but English still has the widest reach. A South Korean businessman traveling to meet the head of an Argentinean conglomerate in Germany will expect the common language for all to be English. Aside from the United Nations, many other international organizations operate in English. After World War II, key financial institutions were created in English, including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization and a variety of other UN affiliates such the World Food Program and the World Health Organization use English in spoken and written communication. Five of the largest broadcasting companies (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) transmit in English, reaching across the world through satellite television and local holdings. Estimates for the number of people using the Internet in English lie only slightly ahead of users in Chinese, but well ahead of Spanish and other major languages. In the publishing industry, English is also well ahead: 28 percent of books published annually are in English, and the market for books in English for second language speakers is growing. English currently dominates in science and technology, a position that it took over from German after World War I. Scientific journals publish in English, and many researchers, especially in physics, chemistry and biology, use English as their working language. The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book â€Å"The God of Small Things†. Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe. According to the 2004 World Factbook, 49 countries list English as their official language, not counting the United States and the United Kingdom, which do not list any official language but use predominantly English. In 2001, a poll of the 189 member countries in the United Nations showed that 120 of them preferred to use English to communicate with other Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoor’s film â€Å"Elizabeth† has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in public demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contributions of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language. We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international audience and readers. We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity in the world. CONCLUSION: Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. Thus English is evitable. Thus English will never loose its superiority even in the next hundred years,

The Influence of Early Attachments on Later Relationships

In a way, a person’s behaviors and mode of thinking towards others, either romantic or otherwise, have something to do with the emotional and psychological relationship developed during his childhood with his parents or the people who raised him. Psychologist John Bowlby said, in his Attachment Theory, that attachment is the psychological connectedness among individuals, particularly between the infant and the caregiver which is, primarily, the mother1.In his theory, Bowlby emphasizes four views: 1) very young children develop attachment to familiar caregivers who are sensitive and responsive; 2) young children explore the environment with familiar people as a secure base; 3) the attachment has continuous effect to the child’s personality development and social behaviors that will show later in his life and 4) any event that interferes with the attachment may have either a short or long-term negative impact in the life of the child.He further stresses that the child see ks the proximity or accessibility of the caregiver as a way of survival especially during troubled times. Apparently, a caregiver who is present always gives a sense of security to the child2. In her strange situation research in 1970, Psychologist Mary Ainsworth finds out that children vary in their attachment behaviors: while some toddlers can adapt and interact with anybody, other kids are either ambivalent or anxious with the presence of strangers and hesitant to explore their environment3.The psychological and emotional tie developed at early age is significant as the child may utilize this as a guiding principle or prototype for his future relationship, especially intimate love and parenting. In some cases, an attached child becomes dependent to the caregiver and may suffer anxiety upon their separation. A recent finding states that some children who experienced attachment can develop an unusual deficiency called reactive attachment disorder (RAD) which is characterized by the child’s inappropriate ways in most social interactions4.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar Disorder Essay Bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this disorder can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the amount of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is important that we keep looking for explanations of its causes and for more ways to treat this disorder. Bipolar has a large variety of symptoms, divided in two categories. One is the manic episodes, the other is depressive. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can turn into feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include disturbances in sleep and appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and reoccurring thoughts of death and suicide. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a deep sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, problems with concentrations and driving. Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes do experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, excited, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities. As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has found out in their research, bipolar disorder can create marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. Many times, bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the person ages. Many timess bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that follow each other without a period of remission. The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by extreme loss of judgment. Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences paranoid delusions. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior sometimes turns into violence. Sometimes both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time. This is called a mixed episode. Those affected are at special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that make them feel like they could jump out of their skin. Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they have the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another form of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more episodes within a 12 month period. Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960s. Its main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. .

What is a group Discuss with reference to Bion's 'Experiences in Essay

What is a group Discuss with reference to Bion's 'Experiences in group' and your own - Essay Example It is because lovebirds are sociable birds. They should go in pairs or in a group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We join others wherein we feel a sense of belonging and security, thus becoming a part of a group. We seek to join aggregates that have common entity with us. We stick to a group because we know that this group have something the same about ourselves. Being a part of a group is therefore important in a person’s life for survival.   Every individual has its own niche therefore each is essential. It may be towards others or towards the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Group is defined as any social aggregation that contains at least two classes of people we refer to as â€Å"the leadership† and â€Å"the membership† or a more complex structure one having an external boundary and at least one internal boundary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2).   This enables us to view a group as a large circle whose external boundary   distinguishes its members (those inside the circle) and nonmembers (those outside the   circle) with a smaller circle inside the larger one represents the existence of the important   two classes of people in the group, the leadership and the membership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theorists like Cartwright and Zander (1968) on the topic groups and group dynamics have suggested that group is not a definable idea since it merely describes an area of study whose boundaries are blurred. Various definitions of groups can be made according to them wherein each one has its unique focus and may exclude other aspects that serve as core of the other definitions. 1. The individuals within the group think that they are group members who refer to themselves as we rather than I or they. They experience the same fate thus feeling a sense of belongingness and a common sense of identity. They are equally provided with the same benefits as to what the other members receive. 2. These group members have psychological effects on each other. These